iPURSE 2016

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Relationship between biology students’ G.C.E. (A/L) results and their mathematics results at G.C.E. (O/L): a case study in Bandarawela educational zone
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-10-05) Hettiarachchi, B.H.A.C.K.; Chandrasena, W.D.; Jayasundera, A.C.A.
The G.C.E. (O/L) and the G.C.E. (A/L) Examinations are the milestones in secondary education which determine the golden key to admirable future to Sri Lankan students. According to the available statistics the achievement level of students at the G.C.E. (A/L) is still less than the expected level despite the annual allocation of human and physical resources by the Sri Lankan government with the aim of improving students’ performance. This could be due to several interrelated factors such as lack of interest, poor academic abilities, poor teaching methods, weak teacher characteristics and other related issues. This study focuses on finding the relationship between biology students’ G.C.E. (A/L) results and their mathematics results at G.C.E. (O/L).This is a mixed method study. Questionnaires, documents, and semi- structured interview schedules were used in the data collection process. The sample included of167 G.C.E. (A/L) Biology students from Bandarawela Educational Zone. Data analysis was performed through basic statistical procedures and qualitative data analytic techniques. Results show that the high percentage of students who pass their G.C.E. (A/L) examination at their first attempt had “A” Grade for their G.C.E. (O/L) Mathematics compared to the students who had low results for their G.C.E. (A/L).Moreover, high percentage of students who obtained more than “S” Grade for G.C.E. (A/L) Physics were the students who had “A” Grade for their G.C.E. (O\L) Mathematics. The high percentage of students who passed their G.C.E. (A/L) examination at their first attempt was the students who have sat for their both G.C.E. (O/L) and G.C.E. (A/L) examination at the same school. Thus, G.C.E. (O/L) Mathematics results directly affect for G.C.E (A/L) Biology students’ performance at the examination. Interview data reveals that the students’ G.C.E. (A/L) Biology stream results are better when they have enthusiasm in all sections in G.C.E. (O/L) Mathematics. Further, the change of the school after their G.C.E. (O/L) could also affect students’ performance at G.C.E. (A/L) in the bio-science stream. Hence, these findings could be considered in remedying the prevailing situation through suitable practices to enhance the status of science education in Sri Lanka.
Identification of mutations in BRCA1 exon 11 of breast cancer confirmed patients and in at risk individuals
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11) Jayasooriya, K.M.D.; Hewawithana, P.B.; Galketiya, K.B.; Wickramasinghe, S.; Yatawara, L.
Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy among females. Of the risk factors leading to develop breast cancer, germline mutations and sequence variance of breast cancer susceptibility genes play a major role.This study was conducted to identify germline mutations in exon 11 of BRCA1 breast cancer susceptibility gene.Exon 11of BRCA1is a common region of mutations in breast cancer patients and also in individuals with a family history of breast cancer. The study consists of a total of 43 breast cancer patients with family history (N=12) and without a family history (N=31). About 26 currently unaffected individuals with first or second degree relatives having breast cancer and 25 controls (those who are without any personnel or family history of any cancer) were also included. Self-administered questionnaires were given to the participants to evaluate the personal and family histories of breast and other cancers. Blood samples were collected for detection of mutations in exon 11 of BRCA1 gene. Following genomic DNA extraction, mutation detection was performed using polymerase chain reaction by amplifying exon 11which consist of 3426 base pairs that represents 60% of the coding sequence. Upon amplification, PCR products which showed abnormal migration patterns in gel electrophoresis were sequenced. Mean age of the onset for 43 women diagnosed with breast cancer in this study was 52.256±9.70 years. Mean age at diagnosis of breast cancer patients with family history was 55.08 ± 6.788 and without family history was 51.16 ±10.51. Furthermore, abnormal migration patterns in PCR products were observed in breast cancer confirmed patients and in at risk individuals upon gel electrophoresis. PCR products which show the size variations were subjected for direct sequencing. Seventeen sequence variations were found in the exon 11 of three sequenced samples. G3135delC/exon 11 was observed. Previously reported six polymorphisms were also identified in these sequences. Results obtained from this study confirmed the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the exon 11 of BRCA1 gene of the individuals included in this study.
Effect of mistletoe infestation on fruit quality of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-11) Yapa, S.S.; Mohotti, A.J.; Seneviratne, M.A.P.K.
Perennial spices were observed to be highly infested by parasitic plants lately in Sri Lanka. Nutmeg is an important export agricultural crop (EAC) mostly grown in the wet and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka, providing income for rural communities. It is prone to parasitic plant infestation, but their effects on fruit quality have not been studied. Hence, this study was carried out to elucidate the effect of mistletoes (shoot parasites) on the fruit quality of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). The study was conducted during January to June 2016. Samples were collected from Ambulpure, Harispaththuwa (Kandy district)and Matale district (both in agro ecological region WM3b).Approximately 20 years old nutmeg plants of which about 20% of the canopy parasitized by the mistletoe Dendrophthoeneeilgherrensisin the two locations were selected. Uninfested trees were taken as the control. Five each of mature fruits were collected from three trees from each category, from the proximal and distal ends of the infested branches. Length and width of fruits, fresh and dry weights of fruit, seed, mace and pericarp, thickness of pericarp were measured. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and mean separation was done by least significant difference, using SAS statistical package. Visual quality was evaluated using a quality chart. The infestation of nutmeg by the mistletoe Dendrophthoeneeilgherrensis drastically decreased the quality of nutmeg. The length, width and weight of the whole fruit, pericarp, mace and nut of nutmeg in the distal end were significantly smaller than in the proximal end, all of which were significantly smaller than that of the uninfested control. The colour of the nut and mace was not affected by the infestation. However, when the dimensions and colour of the nut and mace that are important in determining the export quality were considered, the nut and mace of the infested plants belonged to grade two whereas the nut and mace of uninfested control belonged to grade one. Hence, importance of control of the mistletoe parasitism in nutmeg is emphasized.
In vitro anti Candida effect of Sri Lankan virgin coconut oil
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11) Garusinghe, N.; Jayatilake, J.A.M.S.; Madujith,T.
Coconut oil obtained from Cocus nucifera is commonly used in Sri Lankan food. It is also a skin and hair remedy in native medicine. Candida is a commensal fungus found in human mucosa and skin. Whereas, Sri Lanka is a leading coconut producer in the world Sri Lankan virgin coconut oil (VCO) has not been explored for anti-Candida effect. This study aimed to investigate anti Candida effect of Sri Lankan VCO. VCO extracted by fermentation method was used for the study. Mature coconut kernel was scraped and allowed for fermentation under sterile conditions. Resultant oil was separated by heating at a controlled temperature. Thus extracted VCO was divided into two samples. One sample was used directly to check the anti-Candida effect while other sample was subjected to partial hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was done by reflux condensing on sand bath using methanolic sodium hydroxide. Hydrolyzed oil was neutralized and extracted in hexane. Anti-Candida effect for both unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed samples were tested against five species of Candida; Candida albicans (ATCC90028), Candida glabrata (ATCC90030), Candida krusei (ATCC6258), Candida parapsilosis (ATCC22019), Candida tropicalis (ATCC13803). Several diffusion techniques on Sabouraud’s agar including disk diffusion, well diffusion and direct drop method were used to demonstrate anti Candida effect. Unhydrolyzed VCO did not produce any significant inhibition zones against any of the Candida species tested. In contrast, hydrolyzed VCO produced significant inhibition zones against all Candida species tested. C. glabrata showed the highest mean inhibition zone (40.88mm) followed by C. Tropicalis (36.00mm), C. Parapsilosis (32.11mm) C.albicans (28.22mm) and C. krusei (23.88mm). This study demonstrates that partially hydrolyzed Sri Lankan VCO obtained from fermentation method have anti-Candida effects which could be used as an alternative to resistant Candida in the future. Use of hydrolyzed Sri Lankan VCO in skin remedies may help control Candida colonization.
Awareness and practice of ergonomics by dental students in clinical years
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-11) Wijayasinghe, W.A.P.N.; Gunawardana, D.M.N.S.; Sudarshani, W.A.C.; Kumara, K.W.T.D.; Tharisika, N.; Amali, W.G.G.; Bandaranayake, D.
In this study, posture, musculoskeletal disorders and work place layout were investigated under physical ergonomics in a group of dental students, because and dentists and dental students usually use fixed, non-flexible postures and narrow work areas for prolonged periods when assessing and treating patients. The main tool of this descriptive, qualitative and cross-sectional study was a questionnaire. This study was done among 201 third year and fourth year dental students who were in their clinical practice (30 subjects for pilot study and 171 subjects for original study). Pilot study gathered data on reliability of the questionnaire and necessary adjustment to the final version were made according to the findings. The questionnaire evaluated the presence of pain, areas of body affected by pain, awareness regarding correct postures, work environment, about ergonomics, and preventive measures. The data were analyzed using categorical statistical analysis methods using SPSS 16.0 software, and 95% confidence interval levels were used to describe the findings. The results of this study indicated that the awareness of ergonomics among dental students was satisfactory, although 96.2% did not know the term ‘ergonomics’. Only 5.6% of students reportedly performed stretching exercises after clinical procedures. Students who were in clinical practice the longest (2009/2010 batch) had the most complaints (76.1%) of pain after clinical practice, while the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 batches complained 54.5% and 72.7% pain respectively. The body areas that most students complained of pain were neck (22.9%), middle back (22.9%) and lower back (22.6%). Periodontal treatment was the procedure that most students (54.3 %) complained to be associated with pain. The conclusion of the study was that the awareness of ergonomic practices among third year and fourth year dental students was satisfactory. Most of the students did not know the term ‘ergonomics’ even though they followed good ergonomic practices. The body areas that most students complained of pain were neck, middle back and lower back. The group of students who had been engaged in clinical practice the longest experienced most of pain after clinical practice. Most students reported periodontal treatment as the procedure associated with most pain.
An in-silico analysis of the genetic diversity of ABRE-BP among Sri Lankan rice varieties: could a polymorphism in ABRE-BP be diagnostic of salinity tolerance?
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-11) Senavirathne, W.M.A.; Jayatilake, D.V.; Herath, V.; Wickramasinghe, H.A.M.
The ABRE-BP (Abscisic Acid Responsive Element binding protein) is a key gene in the abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent plant salinity stress-responsive regulon. The gene transcribes for a transcriptional factor and binds with the ABREcis-acting element in salinity stress responsive genes, regulating its expression. A greater diversity in salinity tolerance has been reported in Sri Lankan rice germplasm while Pokkalic has been consistently identified as a tolerant variety. In the current in-silico study, we assessed the nucleotide diversity of the ABRE-BP genic region of 47Sri Lankan rice varieties to identify putative diagnostic sites associated with salinity responses. The ABRE-BP sequences were retrieved from the Rice SNP-Seek data base and the exon/intron regions and protein domains were annotated. DNA polymorphisms leading to non-synonymous mutations were identified compared to Pokkali. A cluster analysis was carried out considering the non-synonymous mutations and the nucleotide diversity index (Pi) were calculated. The entire ABRE-BPgenic region consists, 208 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including 13 singletons and 195 parsimony variables. The ABRE-BP coding sequence (CDS; Pi:0.00617) was generally conserved comparing to the genic region (Pi:0.00817). The intron region of ABRE consisted of 179 SNPs. In the CDS, the exon one has the highest polymorphism with 23SNPs followed by exon five (3), exon two (2), and exon three (1). The exon four was conserved across all varieties. The ABRE-BP polypeptide chain consisted of 12 non-synonymous mutations where, 11 in exon one and one in exon three, that clustered the selected varieties in to four groups. The exon three contains the bZIP domain which produces the ABRE transcription factor. The bZIP domain was annotated to be longer in six varieties compared to the rest, enclosing the non-synonymous mutation at exon 3 (lysine to asparagine). The cluster of 26 varieties contained, tolerant varieties Pokkali, Kuruluthudu and Kotteyaran with known intolerant varieties Pachchaperumal and Hondarawalu. The ABRE-BP sequence of Pokkali differed from the rest, by a single non-synonymous mutation (Tyrosin to Aspartate) on exon 1, however, could not be associated with salinity tolerance. Thus, the tolerance of Pokkali and other tolerant varieties could not be diagnostically associated to the polymorphisms detected in the ABRE-BP genic region.
Germination biology and chemical composition of a Sri Lankan medicinal herb: Abutilon indicum
(University of Peradeniya,Sri Lanka, 2016-11) Welgama, A.U.; Jayasuriya, K.M.G.G.; Damunupola, J.W.; Jayasundera, A.C.A.
Use of medicinal plants dates far back to the initiation of civilization. However, synthetic drugs replaced the demand for medicinal plants and the former has been neglected for decades. Currently, due to many detrimental effects of synthetic drugs, the demand for medicinal plants has increased throughout the world. However, to meet the demand, these medicinal plants have to be cultivated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a protocol to determine the proper seed propagation strategy for the medicinal plant Abutilon indicum. Imbibition and germination of manually scarified and non-treated seeds were studied to determine the presence of physical dormancy (PY). Moisture content (MC) of seeds was determined with an oven dry method. Growth performances of seedlings were evaluated on three growth media under two shade conditions. Chemical composition of the plants from wild and cultivated populations was compared. Results of the germination and imbibition tests revealed that A. indicum seeds have PY. MC of 8.5% suggested the orthodox seed storage behaviour. Growth performance indicators revealed that A. indicum seedlings grew significantly well in sand + coir dust + compost growth medium under 80% shade. Methanolic extract of the plant showed the presence of phytochemicals; saponins, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins suggesting methanol extract as the best extraction media for this species. Methanolic extractions of cultivated population and wild population had a similar phytochemical composition. However, concentrations of phytochemicals were high in wild plants. Our study clearly demonstrated that the A. indicum can be cultivated economically without changing its medicinal value.
Efficacy of Tithonia diversifolia leaf extracts to inhibit selected fungal pathogens of ornamental foliage plants
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-11) Mapa, M.H.M.M.N.; Damunupola, J.W.; Jayasundera, A.C.A.
Ornamental foliage are used globally for various purposes and has an accelerating demand. However, they are highly susceptible to various pathogenic fungi, which reduce the quality. Growers use synthetic fungicides to overcome these problems, which have led to negative impacts on environment and human health. Consequently, demand for the natural fungicides is increasing and attempts have been taken to produce natural fungicides using various plant species. Though, invasive plants are considered to cause environmental damage, there is a potential to use these plants as natural fungicides due to the presence of bioactive compounds within them. Tithonia diversifolia, is an invasive alien plant species in Sri Lanka. The aim of this study was to find the efficacy of Tithonia diversifolia leaf extracts to inhibit selected fungal pathogens of ornamental foliage plants by identifying its bioactive compounds. Extractions were done using three types of solvents viz. methanol, dichloromethane and n- hexane and antifungal activity was tested against Curvularia sp. Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp.; fungi causing leaf spot diseases in ornamental plants. Highest inhibition for Curvularia sp. and Fusarium sp. were obtained in n-hexane and methanolic leaf extracts respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration for the Curvularia sp. in n-hexane was 0.0175 g/ml and minimum inhibitory concentration for Fusarium sp. in methanolic extract was less than 0.0175 g/ml. Leaf anatomical observations revealed three types of trichomes in leaves of Tithonia diversifolia. They were non grandular trichomes and two types of glandular trichomes known as capitate and non capitate type. Phytochemical constitution in these three extracts were done through preliminary tests and it reveals that chemical constitution of the three extracts are different from each other where methanolic and dichloromethane were capable in extracting more secondary metabolic compounds. Methanolic and dichloromethane were assayed for total phenolics and methanolic extract had the highest total phenolics content with a 4.4963 μg/ml. Therefore, it can be concluded that leaf extracts from Tithonia diversifolia have the potential to be used as a natural fungicide on disease causing fungi in ornamental foliage plants.
Antioxidant properties of selected traditional rice varieties in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11) Kariyawasam, T.I.; Godakumbura, P.I.; Prashantha, M.A.B.; Premakumara, G.A.S.; Abeysekera, W.K.S.M.
Rice is the major cereal crop as well as the main staple food in Sri Lanka and other regions of Asia. Previous studies on some of the traditional rice varieties of Sri Lanka (STRV) show higher nutritional value and bioactivity when compared with improved rice varieties cultivated in Sri Lanka. This study evaluates the antioxidant properties of extracts of selected STRV. Methanolic extracts of four STRV (Kalu Heenati, Pokkali, Kahawanu and Sudu Murunga) were used for in vitro antioxidant assays. Antioxidant properties of STRV were measured using total polyphenolic content (TPC), 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Methanolic extracts of selected rice varieties showed potent antioxidant activity. Mean TPC of STRV were in the range of 1.66 ± 0.08 – 7.66 ± 0.17 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. Mean DPPH and ABTS antioxidant properties were in the ranges of 0.56 ± 0.03 – 2.58 ± 0.15 and 3.83 ± 1.08 – 13.14 ± 0.90 mmol Trolox equivalents/ 100g flour, respectively. The order of mean TPC in the rice varieties was Pokkali > Kalu Heenati > Kahawanu > Sudu Murunga. Results show a difference among rice varieties in scavenging activity for DPPH and ABTS radicals. The order of scavenging activity for DPPH radicals was Kalu Heenati > Pokkali > Kahawanu > Sudu Murunga while for ABTS radicals, the order was Pokkali > Kalu Heenati > Kahawanu > Sudu Murunga. Accordingly the antioxidant power of the extracts was in the order of Pokkali > Kalu Heenati > Kahawanu > Sudu Murunga. Rice varieties having red pericarps displayed higher antioxidant activities when compared to rice varieties having white pericarps. The present study highlights the importance of STRV as potential sources of antioxidant compounds, especially the varieties of Pokkali and Kalu Heenati. These traditional rice varieties may be able to limit the risk of various chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress and this data will be useful to nutritionists for formulating therapeutic diets rich in antioxidants.
Internationalization of accounting standards in Sri Lanka: issues, challenges and the benefits
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Priyadarshani, P.L.W.; Ekanayake, E.M.A.S.B.
The move to fully compliance with the international accounting standards effective from January, 2012, primarily aims at bringing about convergence of Sri Lanka Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to produce high quality accounting reports. However, literature suggests that achieving expected aims fromconvergence, particularly in a developing country is doubtful. First, IFRS reflects the Anglo- Saxon accounting model prevalent in the developed English-speaking countries. Second, the differences in contextual factors may cause diversity in accounting practices among countries. Third, due to the uniform financial reporting practices cost of information may be reduced, but it may not lead to improved quality in the information produced. This study therefore examines the objectives of convergence, the issues and challenges faced by Sri Lanka in the convergence process, and whether the country has actually been benefited by the convergence. For this purpose, the study adopted a qualitative research method and employed field study research method. Twelve semi-structured interviews have been carried out with a variety of stakeholders, who are involved in the convergence process, for instance, accounting standards setters, regulators, auditors and practitioners. Topics covered at the interviews included the respondent’s perception about the convergence process, the benefits to the country, and the issues and challenges experienced. Respondents’ views were analysed in three interactive processes, namely transcription, coding and interpretation. Attracting Foreign Direct Investment and improving financial reporting quality were identified as major objectives of the convergence. The findings also suggest that Sri Lanka is benefited by convergence with improved relevance, comparability, understandability and transparency of financial information. Nevertheless, the country encountered a number of complications during the convergence process particularly related to valuation of assets and liabilities, lack of IFRS experts, continuous amendments of IFRS, new transactions emerging from the application of IFRS, and poor planning in the convergence process. Most of such issues have not been resolved yet restricting the country to achieve the desired outcomes of the convergence. These findings are consistent with prior studies predominantly related to developing countries, and provide important implications for the accounting standard setters on how to make a smooth transition to IFRS achieving intended objectives of the convergence.
Photovoltaic powered led outdoor lighting system with battery storage
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Amarasingha, R.D.D.P.S.; Jayasinghe, K.M.L.U.; Senanayake, D.R.; Binduhewa, P.J.
Outdoor lighting is an essential item in the present lifestyle. Outdoor lighting is required during night time and it mainly depends on the utility supply. Lighting powered by a local power source reduces the burden on the utility network. Photovoltaic, coupled with battery storage is a possible solution. As Sri Lanka experiences a reasonable amount of solar power during daytime, this is an attractive solution and this has not been exploited well. This paper presents a photovoltaic powered LED lamp with battery storage. The proposed system consists of a photovoltaic panel for power generation, battery storage for storing generated power from the photovoltaic panel and LED lamp to convert the electrical energy into light. The battery charges during daytime when sunlight is available through a buck converter. The controller of the buck converter consists of two loops: (a) inner loop, to control the input voltage and (b) outer loop, which is the maximum power point (MPP) tracker. The inner voltage controller is based on a PI controller. Fraction of open circuit voltage method is selected as the MPP tracker as its implementation is simple and follows the MPP with time. This controller ensures that the photovoltaic panel is operating at MPP. The power rating of the LED lamp is 5 W. A 3.7 V lithium ion battery is selected for this application. Efficiency around 88%can be achieved when driving the LED lamp. A 5W photovoltaic panel is selected to charge the battery. On a good sunny day, it is possible to generate 11 Wh. Therefore, the capacity of the battery is 3000mAh at 3.7 V. The LED lamp is implemented and it provides the expected results considering the light intensity levels. The buck converter is designed and implemented. The open loop operation of the converter is verified. The inner current loop of the converter is designed. The maximum power pointer tracker is to be implemented. In conclusion, the proposed LED lamp powered by battery and photovoltaic panel is a relatively simple and environmental friendly solution for lighting applications such as corridors and small pathways.
Lean manufacturing approach for reducing non value adding activities: a case study
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Aryarathne, S.P.
Non Value Adding Activities are the activities which do not add to the market form or function of the product. The customers then are unwilling to bear the cost. Thus, it is needless to say the importance of eliminating them from business operations. By using the extreme case study research method, this study aims to illustrate the procedure that a manufacturing organization has adopted in identifying and minimizing the non-value adding activities while enhancing the value adding activities in the business operation through lean manufacturing concepts and techniques. The existing literature suggests that different types of lean manufacturing techniques and tools, such as Value Steam Mapping, 5S, Process Mapping, Kaizen, Total Productive Maintenance and Lean Trainings, are likely to enhance the value adding activities of a process, and change the existing culture towards a lean environment. Data was gathered through interviews and participatory observations. 12semi structured interviews were conducted and 150 hours were spent in the case organization to collect evidence on site in the production facility. Data was analyzed in three steps, namely coding, identification of relationships and interpretation. The finding suggests that reduction of non-value adding activities is required to be carried out with an accurate purpose following four main procedures, namely Lean Principles; Lean six Sigma; Lean Tools; and Lean Training. Further, in doing so, employees in the organization should possess a ‘lean mindset’ and act in the ‘lean way’ in order to make this lean initiative successful. Finally, it is important that the organization applies a ‘step by step’ and ‘top to bottom’ procedures in making changes to the existing process and employees. By this way, value can be added on customer, employee and business perspectives.
Impact of brand image on customer loyalty with special reference to Sri Lankan hotel industry
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Jayasinghe, I.S.; Wijethunga, W.M.H.U.
Brand Image (BI) is being recognized as an important factor influencing customer loyalty in many industries, where many companies try to attract more customers through creating a positive brand image in consumer minds. Hotels as a player in the hospitality industry, which is one of the highest competitive industries today, try to establish a strong and impressive BI in order to stay ahead the competition and to gain a competitive advantage within the present intensified competition in the hotel trade. However, it is evidenced that there is only a handful of researches conducted to study the impact of BI on CL in the hotel industry, especially in the Sri Lankan context. Hence, in order to fill the existing knowledge gap, the researchers are interested in studying the Impact of Brand Image on Customer Loyalty in relation to the hotel industry in Sri Lanka. The objectives of the study have been set accordingly, to identify the level of BI as well as the level of CL of Hotels in Sri Lanka and to identify the impact of BI of hotel customers on CL of hotels in Sri Lanka. The study is descriptive and correlational in nature. The customers who consume the hotel service of star grade hotels in Sri Lanka were the population of the study and an individual customer who consumes the hotel services of star grade hotels in Sri Lanka was considered as the sampling element as well as the unit of analysis. A sample of 100 respondents was selected on convenience and judgment which is under the non-probability sampling techniques. Hypotheses were tested by using one sample T-test, mean values and regression analysis. According to the findings, the levels of BI and CL were high among customers who consume the hotel services of star grade hotels in Sri Lanka; whereas it there is a positive relationship between BI and CL. Moreover, the R2 value of 20.1 indicates that approximately 20% of variance of CL is explained by BI, which means maintaining high level of BI is a critical factor to maintain high level of CL. However, there are other important variables which account for 80% of the variance of the dependent variable which future research can be directed at. Marketers can adopt the findings of the study when they set relationship marketing strategies and when designing promotional strategies for their hotels to stay ahead the competition.
Design of a boost converter for a DC grid powered by a photovoltaic panel
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Herath, H.M.N.M.; Bandara, R.M.D.U.; Wijekoon, W.M.I.G.J.S.; Binduhewa, P.J.; Ekanayake, J.B.
Electricity generation through renewable energy sources has gained interest in countries around the globe as such sources are environmentally friendly. Photovoltaic systems are becoming a popular renewable energy source. The main issue with the PV system is the intermittent nature of the output power. In addition, such system will be connected in weak distribution systems, which introduce stability and protection issues to the utility network. MicroGrid is an attractive solution to overcome the above issues. MicroGrid is a small power system with local generation and local loads which can be operated autonomously or by grid connected nodes. DC MicroGrid reduces power conversion losses at the point of generation and loads. This paper discusses the development of a DC MicroGrid with photovoltaic systems as the electricity generation method. This paper also presents the design and simulation of a boost converter for the DC MicroGrid. The operating voltage of DC loads is 48 V. Therefore, the DC grid voltage was selected as 48 V. The selected photovoltaic panel, Mitsubishi PV- UJ225GA6, produces 225 W and 30 V at the Maximum Power Point (MPP) under steady state conditions. Therefore, a boost converter is required to interface the photovoltaic panel to the DC grid. The control function of the boost converter is to ensure that the PV panel is operating at the MPP. A 250 W, 30V-48V boost converter was designed and simulated in EMTDC/PSCAD software. Then, the small signal model around the operating point of the boost converter was derived. Using the model, a closed-loop controller was developed for the converter to control the average inductor current. The results of the converter under open-loop and closed-loop are presented in this paper. According to the results, it was possible for the converter to deliver the required power at 48 V output voltage and the controller was able to follow the command reference current.
Assessment of landscape aesthetics of southern expressway (E01 road), Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Marasinghe, M.D.U.; Gunawardena, A.R.; Beneragama. C.K.
The Southern Expressway is the first experience in Sri Lanka of an E01 class road. It has been constructed mainly considering engineering and traffic related requirements without paying much attention to the landscape-related issues. In addition, there are several proposed expressways to the country. Although the concept of expressways is new to Sri Lanka, many studies have already been carried out in developed countries on the built environment with a sound scientific background. However, there are no particular guidelines/manuals developed for landscape and aesthetics design for the roadside of the Southern Expressway in Sri Lanka. Hence, this research explores the necessity of the landscape aesthetics assessment and a better way to construct expressways while achieving optimum use of land and improvement of scenic quality. Geographic information system and remote sensing were used to evaluate existing landscape land cover/use types and to identify environmental sensitive areas within 01 km buffer zone area along the expressway. The lush appearance of the buffer zone was evaluated by calculating the NDVI value, using “Landsat 8 imageries” and ERDAS imagine 2010 software. Initially, an attitude test was conducted to identify attitudes towards the existing landscape scenery and different landscape elements and to identify possible association between type of travel and attitudes. A visual preference survey was carried out based on the results of the attitude test. For that, nine photographs were selected after the field observation and models were developed using Real time Landscaping Architect® software, based on pre- determined different concepts. Results revealed that the Southern Expressway is surrounded by different land cover/use types, environmental sensitive areas, archaeological reserves and ancient protected monuments, landslide prone areas, hydrological areas, forest and wild life reserves. The greenness varies throughout the buffer zone. The results of the survey carried out to test the preferences and attitudes show that there is not much attention/awareness among the users of the Expressway on scenic quality of the Southern Expressway and on different landscape elements. Significant associations (p<0.05) were only shown between the type of travel and perception about evergreen plants. Results of the visual preference survey suggest the need of area-specific landscape designs and the importance of human perception-based methods in designing landscapes.
Subacute neurocognitive impairment in organophosphate and carbamate insecticide poisoning
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Dassanayake, T.L.; Weerasinghe, V.S.; Gawarammana, I.B.; Buckley, N.
Neurobehavioural studies suggest that organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticide poisoning could lead to subacute/chronic cognitive impairment. The factors that mediate this impairment are hitherto unknown. Using cognitive event related potentials (ERPs) as a neurophysiological marker, our objectives were to determine whether there is a subacute cognitive impairment in patients poisoned with Ops and carbamates, and to investigate the risk factors of cognitive impairment. We recorded ERPs and reaction time (RT) data in 119 patients discharged from hospitals following OP/carbamate poisoning (Test Group) and 29 control subjects. P300 ERP waveforms were derived from averaged EEG recorded at FZ, CZ and PZ scalp sites during a standard auditory ‘oddball’ task where the subjects responded to target tones while ignoring the standard tones. RT, P300 peak latencies and amplitudes, were compared between two groups adjusting for confounding variables. The risk factors of cognitive impairment in the Test Group was analysed using multiple linear regression (MLR) models. Once adjusted for other variables, mean P300 amplitude was 2.4uV smaller (~ 43% reduction from the mean of the controls) at FZ (P = 0.025) and 2.7uV (~ 40%) smaller at CZ (P = 0.025) in the Test Group. Once adjusted for other factors, the Test Group patients who developed hypoxia had a 49.4-ms delay in RT compared to those who did not develop hypoxia. Hypoxia also tends to increase the P300 latencies at fronto-central sites (a delay of 17.4ms at FZ and 20.4ms at CZ) but the effect was not statistically significant. Those who had a major psychiatric illness also showed delayed P300 latencies in fronto-central sites. Once adjusted for other variables, psychiatric diagnosis delayed P300 latency at CZ by 34.1ms (P = 0.031) and tended to delay P300 at FZ (P = 0.092). Our findings indicate that acute poisoning of OP and carbamate insecticides may impair cognitive functions as indexed by RT and P300 cognitive ERPs. Hypoxia seems to play a role in this impairment. The neurocognitive impairment that outlasts clinical illness implies sub-acute effects of the insecticides on brain function.
Exploring agriculture undergraduate students’ learning preference for self-directed learning
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Abeyrathne, D.K.; Ekanayake, T.M.S.S.K.Y.
Self-directed learning (SDL) is a fundamental educational goal based on lifelong learning. Therefore, poor academic performance among undergraduates is due to restrictions for adopting SDL. Thus it is worthwhile to explore the SDL of Agriculture undergraduates in University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the preference of undergraduates of Faculty of Agriculture for SDL. The methodology was mainly quantitative. Questionnaire with closed ended questions was used as the research instrument. However, some open-ended questions were also included in the questionnaire in order to get little in depth information. Sample of 146 Students who have immediately completed the undergraduate degree program in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya were selected using simple random sampling. The questionnaires were posted and students were requested to return the completed questionnaire. Ninety-eight completed questionnaires were returned within the period of two months. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Chi square test of independence was performed to identify significant relationships. The response rate was 67.12%. Results revealed that, the highest percentage (61.2%) preferred if the lecture is incorporated with SDL activities, followed by second highest percentage of 36.7% preferred to study their own way with the guidance of the lecturer. However, some students (2.0%) preferred other methods such as getting information ‘through internet’ and ‘e-learning’. But none of the students preferred to listen to lectures only. Meanwhile, the highest percentage, 77.6% was familiar with the term ‘self-directed learning’ whereas 9.2% were not and 13.3% did not have an idea of it. There is a moderately strong significant relationship between the familiarity of the term SDL and the preferred way of learning (p=0.014). Students stated that less SDL activities incorporated with lecturers and with tight work schedule in the faculty they do not have time to study their own way. The study implies the motivation of undergraduates towards SDL. However there were some issues such as less SDL activities incorporated with teaching process. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate more SDL activities with the teaching process. Instead, improving familiarity towards SDL among undergraduate students and allocating more time for their own learning would augment SDL in undergraduate students.
Effect of accounting services outsourcing on SMEs performance in Nigeria: evidence from garment, apparel and footwear enterprises
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Mohammed, D.; Bello, A.B.
This study analyses the direct effect of Accounting Services Outsourcing (ASO) on the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria with evidences taken from Garment, Apparel and Footwear industries. The study design is an exploratory quantitative approach employing secondary data to obtain objective information on Key Performance Indicators (KPI) peculiar to Nigerian SMEs. This is a three year time series analysis from 2010 to 2012. Three Hundred and Sixty (360) SMEs were sampled and data was obtained from the data base of Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN). The study revealed that the key driver of this productivity growth was the product of Other Woven Fabric (OWF), which dominates the activity with output valued at NGN 683 million in 2010 and an output value improved by NGN 283 million in 2011, to reach NGN 966 million of the manufacturing total. In 2012 OWF production increased further, attaining NGN 1,369 million of the total output of the manufacturing sector in that year. Leather Shoes (LS) followed after OWF, though with a fluctuating growth. LS contributed NGN 36.03 million in 2010, impressively NGN 81.04 million in 2011 but declined to NGN 74.05 million in 2012. The results of the regression analysis reveal that there is positive correlation between all the performance variables and the outsourcing intensity. Furthermore, it also uncovers a positive association between ASO and SMEs performance. This is supported by regression coefficient of R2 = 0.657, adjusted R2 = 0.649. Hence, the hypothesis is being supported to establish a positive link between ASO and SME performance. Thus, the study recommends that outsourcing strategy be embraced by SMEs to take advantage of improved performance to ensure continuity, expansion and strategic positioning in the competitive business environment.
Students’ achievements and motivation on “molecular shapes” at G.C.E. (A/L) chemistry: a case study in Mawanella educational zone, Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, 2016-11-05) Ajmeer, A.S.; Chandrasena, W.D.; Jayasundera, A.C.A.
The evaluation reports published by the Ministry of Education reveal that the students’ performance on “molecular shapes” in chemistry at the G.C.E. (A/L) examination is considerably low. It reveals that only 32% of students answered correctly to the questions of molecular shapes. This tragic situation could affect students’ university entrance too in Sri Lanka as students have to obtain high marks at the G.C.E. (A/L) examination for university admission. However, there is a dearth of research on the above aspect in remedying the situation. Thus, this study aimed at exploring students’ achievement and motivation on “molecular shapes” at the G.C.E. (A/L). This was conducted at Mawanella Educational Zone in Keglle District. The findings of this study will help in remedying the issue and to increase achievements in chemistry especially in the unit of molecular shapes. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the data collection process. A convenience sampling technique was used in selecting the sample for the study. The sample consisted of 87 G.C.E. (A/L) students and six chemistry teachers from three schools. A questionnaire was used to investigate the students’ achievements and motivation. Interviews were used to explore the teachers’ opinions. The data analysis was conducted using MS Office Excel 2013.The results revealed that 83% of students were of the opinion that chemistry is not hard while 44% of students had selected chemistry as their preferred subject. Around 52% of the students had selected inorganic as a preferred section in chemistry and 51% of students agreed that they can understand “Molecular Shapes” if they work hard. Many students (94%) accepted that the theory related to concepts of molecular shapes is clear. However, students’ achievement in molecular shapes is at a low level. Hence, though students have the enthusiasm towards molecular shape, still they are poor in elucidating the molecular shapes due to lack of hands- on experience in the learning process. According to teachers, most of the lessons in this aspect are conducted using the lecture method. Thus, students are in a problematic situation as it is difficult for them to imagine three dimensional orientations in the shapes of molecules. If students are taught with a lot of teaching aids and some animated programmes using new technology, they may find easy to grasp the concepts. Thus, a new approach of teaching is suggested to overcome the issues in the lessons of molecular shapes at the G.C.E. (A/L) to enhance students’ meaningful learning.
Life cycle of brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, 1806 under laboratory conditions
(University of Peradeniya,Sri Lanka, 2016-11-05) Dissanayake, U.I.; Rajakaruna, R.S.
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae), is a three-host hard tick that feeds primarily on dogs, occasionally on other animals and rarely on humans. It is widely distributed around the world and acts as a vector of many pathogens, such as Babesia canis, Ehrlichia canis, and Rickettsia conorii. In Sri Lanka, R. sangenius has an island-wide distribution and is identified as the dominant dog tick species in the Wet zone. Biological parameters of the life cycle of R. sangenius were collected by experimental infestation of New Zealand white rabbits under laboratory conditions (Temperature 27±1°C; Relative humidity 70%-80%). All the life cycle stages: larvae, nymphs and adults successfully fed on the rabbits under laboratory conditions. Engorged females (n=47) had a mean weight of 133.2 (54-187) mg, completed oviposition in 14 (3-19) days with an average pre-oviposition period of 4.9 (4- 7) days. Females laid an average of 1,414.2 (101-2760) of eggs. Eggs hatched after 29.6 (21- 43) days of incubation. Larvae (n=100) had a parasitic period of 3.1 (2-3) days. Of the larvae introduced, 62.7% successfully fed on rabbits and dropped off. The unfed larvae survived up to 65.3 (52-73) days. Total of 31.1% nymphs dropped after 5.1( 4-5) days and the moulting period was 14.3 (13-15) days, which had a mean weight of 5.4 mg. Unfed nymphs survived for up to 58 ( 37-45) days in the laboratory. The parasitic period of adults was 15.7 (7-15) days. The adult ticks (n= 15) completed feeding within 15.7 (7-15) days. Blood fed adult females lived for 18.2 (15-22) days and blood fed male lived for 317.4 (292-355) days. The Reproductive Efficiency Index (REI) and Reproductive Fitness Index (RFI) of the female were 12.7 (22-70) and 8.8 (1.8-20), respectively. The male to female sex ratio was 5:2 in laboratory raised adults. Rhicephalus sangenius completed its life cycle within 115.6 (±6.9) days. There are variations in the life cycle of Sri Lankan population of R. sangenius when compared to that of Italian and United States populations. These variations could be due to environmental conditions in different geographic regions.

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