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131 I Treatment : hospital discharge criteria
(University of Peradeniya, 2009-12-03) Loganathan, N.; Perera, K. A.; Hewawasam, R.
A case of juvenile active or aggressive ossifying fibroma(JAOF) in relation to the maxilla
(University of Peradeniya, 1998-11-07) Prabaharan, P. J.; Mendis, B. R. R. N.; Attygalla, A. M.
In the view of many pathologists and surgeons, the group of fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) occur by the replacement of the normal bone by fibrous tissue. Thereafter there is the formation of a new form of calcifying mass by the process of mataplasia. The FOL comprise of a diverse, interesting and challenging group of lesions that pose difficulty in classification and management. The FOL of the jaws may vary from asymptomatic lesions discovered by accident in routine radiographs to extensive, cosmetically and functionally disturbing lesions. Proper diagnosis of these lesions depend on a good correlation of the history, clinical findings, radiographic characteristics, and the histopathological appearances. Microscopically the lesion consists plump osteoblast like cells, surrounding areas of osteoid. The patient is a 18 years old male, from Vavuniya. He first reported to the Kandy General Hospital (Centre for sight), with a gradually progressing right sided proptosis and swelling in relation to the right eye. He had no pain but reduced vision on the right eye. He later reported to the Dental Hospital, Peradeniya with the same symptoms and an initial diagnosis of fibrous-dysplasia of bone was made. Further investigations such as like C.T Scans and histopathological observations reveals the diagnosis of Juvenile Active or Aggressive Ossifying Fibroma. Discussion A. JAOF is most often seen in the maxilla and the patients are in the first or second decade of life. This tumour is more cellular than any other fibro-osseous lesion. Some of these cells produce streams of osteoid that may bear some resemblance to the osteogenic sarcoma. B. According to the Johnson (1967) these lesions are aggressive and extend into antrum and approach the nasal septum and medial wall of the obit, causing proptosis and exopthalamos. Some of these lesions become osteogenic sarcomas while others mature into ossifying fibromas. JAOF may have an ancestral relationship to osteoblastoma because of the overlapping histological features of both lesions. Reed and Hagy (1965) also consider the JAOF and osteoblastoma to be the identical lesion.
A case of recurrent Central Giant Cell Granuloma in relation of the Maxilla
(University of Peradeniya, 1998-11-07) Attygalla, A. M.; Amaratunge, N. A. De S.; Mendis, A. R. R. N.
Central giant cell granuloma ( CGCG) of the jaws is an uncommon lesion which accounts for less than 7 percent of all benign lesions of the jaws. The CGCG is defined by the WHO as 'an intra osseous lesion consisting of a more or less cellular fibrous tissue containing multiple foci of haemorrhage, focal aggregations of multinuclear giant cells, and sometimes trabeculae of woven bone formation within the septa of more mature fibrous tissue that may traverse the lesion. The aetiology of the CGCG is unknown and its biological behaviour is poorly understood. In 1953, Jaffe identified these lesions as "giant cell reparative granulomas" to distinguish them from the giant cell turnours that are usually found in the epiphysial regions of the long bones. There are reports in the literature of CGCG behaving as slow growing neoplasms. The features of such lesions are gross bone destruction, displacement of teeth, enveloping and often erosion of roots, perforation of the cortex and also pathological fractures. A case of central giant cell granuloma of a 26-year-old Sinhalese woman is presented. The lesion was in relation to the left maxilla, involving the hard palate and extending from ~ crossing the midline. The occipitomental radiograph showed a mixed radiolucent lesion involving the left maxilla with ill-defined margins. The CT scan revealed a lobulated expanded lesion arising from the left maxilla which extends in to L nasal cavity, L maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses, L nasopharynx and infero medial aspect of L orbit. The management of this lesion and the difficulty of differentiating it from central giant cell tumour of bone are discussed. The comparisons of the CGCG and the Central Giant Cell tumour of Bone are given below. Detailed diagram is availble in the pdf
A case series of treatable causes of bronchiectasis
(The University of Peradeniya, 2013-07-04) Siribaddana, A.; Wickramasekara, K.; Illeperuma, S. K.; Punyajjeva, U. A. G.; Pathirana, G. G. P.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic inflammatory lung disease which leads to permanent lung damage and significant morbidity. The underlying causes of bronchiectasis vary and in Sri Lanka the incidence of bronchiectasis and its causes are not known. This study was conducted to identify the patients with correctable causes of bronchiectasis who responded to appropriate therapy. Patients who presented with symptoms of bronchiectasis, to the respiratory unit 1, Teaching Hospital Kandy from October 2010 to December 2010, were investigated. Informed consent was taken from the patients before the clinical details were obtained. In all patients, except a child, the diagnosis of bronchiectasis was confirmed by High Resolution Computed Tomography of the chest. Chest X-ray was used to confirm the diagnosis in the child. All patients were investigated with full blood counts, X ray sinuses, serum proteins, serum immunoglobulin levels, sputum direct smears, culture for mycobacteria and skin prick tests for aspergillosis. Those with positive skin tests underwent antibody testing for Aspergillosis. Those who were diagnosed to have post tuberculosis bronchiectasis and concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis were excluded. There were 26 cases with a mean age of 31 years (range 8 to 56 years). 7 (27%) were found to have a correctable cause, which included, 4 cases of allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis, 1 common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia, 1 relapsing polychondritis, and 1 case of myelodysplastic syndrome associated with leucopaenia. These patients were put on specific treatment which resulted in significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life. Some patients were completely asymptomatic after specific therapy. We conclude that investigation for an underlying cause should be done in all patients diagnosed to have bronchiectasis.
A case study of water quality modelling in urban streams
(Unviersity of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 1999-11-20) Weerakoon, S. B.
Urban streams receive more and more wastewater with the population growth, urban migration, industrial development and this results in the decrease of the environmental quality of the aquatic environment at an alarming rate specially in developing counties like Sri Lanka. Thus, maintaining water quality of urban streams to the desired standards is essential for health, bio-diversity preservation etc. through controlling waste water inflows with an understanding of the waste water assimilative capacity of the stream. A water quality model which describes the water quality parameters quantitatively along a stream is therefore an important tool in the planning of stream restoration schemes and also in the assessment of the influence of water quality changes brought by siting a new wastewater source. The present study has developed a one-dimensional, computational water quality model applicable for un-eutropic streams. The governing equations for the steady, stream water quality model are mass balance equation coupled with single-first order kinetic equation, 0=-U(dL/dx)-KL, for contaminant (N, P, BOD) concentrations and O=-U (dc/dx)- Kd L BOD exp(-K, x/U)+Ka(cs -c), for dissolved oxygen concentration where KN, KP, KBOD are decay rates, Ka. Kr Kd are aeration, total loss and deoxygenating rates. U is the stream velocity, Cs is the saturated DO concentration and x is measured from the upstream [Please refer to the downloaded abstract for the correct symbols]. The model was applied to the Meda-Ela (Mid Canal) which originates from the Kandy Lake and falls into the Mahaweli River at Getambe to assess the influence of alternate restoration proposals. By a field survey, wastewater sources were identified and pollutant loads received by this highly polluted canal along its path of about 4 km were quantified. It receives pollutants directly from restaurants, open markets of vegetables, fish, meat in the town, railway and bus stations, garages, slaughter houses, laundries, industries, treatment plant of the hospital, kitchens, some overflowing septic tanks and indirectly through subsurface migration from many septic tanks at the vicinity of the canal. Inflows were modelled as point sources at 50m intervals. The model predictions was verified with the field measurements of N,P,DO and BOD concentrations along the canal reported elsewhere as at present during dry weather period. The model was then applied to assess the influence of two different restoration proposals on the water quality along the canal: Phase I - direct inflows and 30% of septic tanks are absent and Phase II - Phase I with another 60% of septic tanks are absent. Predictions show that the canal could be restored to an environmentally acceptable level by Phase I which requires only the community participation and only a little capital investment. Phase II will bring the canal to much better level though it require a considerable capital investment.
A case study to explore whether teachers use their computer literacy to enhance the effectiveness of teaching in secondary level classes
(The University of Peradeniya, 2013-07-04) Dawatawaththa, V. N.; Jayawardena, S. K. R.; Kallora, E. M. U. K.; Kandegedara, A. P.; Wanigasekara, W. S. M. B. S.; Ekanayake, T. M. S. S. K. Y.
It is recognized that Information Communication Technologies (ICT) have the potential to enhance the teaching process in various ways. Recognizing these potentials the Ministry of Education (MOE) initiated a number of programs to develop teachers’ computer literacy. For instance, during the last five years a large number of teachers were given a chance to attend trainings in computer technology such as Computer Assisted Learning (CAL), International Computer Driving License (ICDL), International Pedagogical Information and Communication Technology (IPICT) and Intel. The aim of this research is to evaluate the extent to which the teachers used their computer literacy and skills they acquired from CAL, ICDL, IPICT programs in their teachings of compulsory subjects such as English, Mathematics, Science, Sinhala, Buddhism and History in secondary level education. The mixed methods approach was used in this study. Eighteen teachers out of 15722 who followed the above mentioned computer trainings and who teach in the Kandy district were selected as the sample for this study. These 18 teachers represented different types of schools (Type 1 AB, 1 C, 2). First, the teachers were given a questionnaire and based on their answers further information was collected through semi-structured interviews. The data from the questionnaires were analysed using MS Excel and they were shown in ratios and percentages. The data gathered at interviews were transcribed and analysed using the thematic analysis technique. The findings of the study indicated that all teachers in the sample who taught Science and English integrated ICT into their teaching. Furthermore, only 33% of teachers who taught Mathematics and Sinhala used ICT in their teaching process. However, none of the teachers who taught Buddhism or History had integrated ICT into their teaching. Moreover, it was identified that a number of factors minimized the use of ICT by teachers in their teaching. The student - computer ratio is low in most of the schools. Furthermore, only 1 AB and 1C schools had internet facilities. According to the findings of the survey 94.44% of teachers had a positive attitude towards the use of computers in teaching and learning. Yet, only 72.22% used computers for their teaching. The study has further revealed that the lack of adequate time (33.35%), not having adequate computer knowledge (5.55%), lapses in the training provided by the Department of Education and the lack of proper supervision or feedback decreased ICT integration into teaching. However, this study has a limitation on generalizing the results as only 0.1% of the teachers who underwent the training were used as the sample.
A casestudy on password security evolution
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2006-11-30) Sandirigama, M.; Weragama, N. S
As the Internet and Mobile applications have been increasing in the recent past, the need for authentication over remote servers and telephones has become very important. The need of authentication is essential as the private data sent over the Internet have risk of being wiretapped. Existing password authentication schemes can be divided into two types, one requires only the weak password and the other must use the strong password. The main objective of this case study is to present a review on the evolution of the strong password protocols. Starting with the earliest password authentication protocols such as Lamport I, CINON and the PERM, the study comprehensively analyzes the most recent protocols such as SAS-2 and SPAPA. The newest protocol SPAPA stands for hash-based Strong Password Authentication Protocol with user Anonymity . The user's anonymity is highly required in a hostile environment as it prevents observing the user 's activity. Also, the SPAPA protocol is very simple and contains only hash functions and XOR operations as compared to the earlier versions, which are suitable for power and computation constrained smart card applications. The SPAPA protocol is tested and verified to be secure from Stolen Smart Card or Online Guessing Attack, Offline Guessing Attack, Stolen Verifier Attack, Replay Attack and Denial of Service (DoS) Attack. In addition, all the attacks performed on each of these protocols are covered in this case study as well. The common pattern in evolution and the details of the attacks that compromised the security measures in each of the protocol are taken into account.
A comparative analysis of the major schoos of Sinhala Literary criticism in the twentieth century
(University of Peradeniya, 2008-12-18) Kariyawasam, Senaratne
A comparative assessment of knowledge of dental students on management of traumatic dental injuries, with and without access to the visual dental trauma guide
(University of Peradeniya, 2019-09-12) Senarath, N. H.; Wimalarathna, A. A. A. K.; Herath, E. M. U. C. K.; Fonseka, M. C. N.; Andersson, L.
Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are a common finding which presents at 4.5% global incidence rate. These injuries significantly affect the quality of life of an individual due to the prominence of orofacial region in social and functional aspects of a life. Emergency management bears a critical value in the prognosis of traumatized tissues. Therefore, the general practitioners are expected to intervene appropriately. During the undergraduate practice the students are given lectures and demonstrations on TDI. However, having access to Visual Dental Trauma Guide (VDTG) as a tool to assist in making evidence- based decisions in the clinic is expected to be more effective. The objective was to evaluate the effect of using VDTG for diagnosis and treatment planning for TDI by dental undergraduates. Final year students in the test group were given access to the VDTG, during their clinical appointment, while the control group was not. Their knowledge was evaluated and compared using a multiple-choice questionnaire and OSCEs. The students with access to the VDTG were observed to be more knowledgeable in providing correct answers to three out of the seven OSCE questions. Evaluation based on the MCQs did not present a significant difference (p=0.913). However, Use of VDTG showed statistically significant difference in the overall knowledge of the test group based on their answers (p=0.028). In the test group 91.3% scored more than 50% for the MCQ paper while it was 95.7% in the control group. In the overall evaluation, 8.6% in the test group scored above 50% while it was 2.1% in the control group. Total mean value of the test group was 38.18 compared to 33.23 in the control group. Use of DTG is a valuable tool for better diagnosis and treatment of patients subjected to TDI. However, lectures and demonstrations have provided sound knowledge to the students.
A comparative study of Johann Sebastian Bach’s selected sacred cantata BWV 004 and Premasiri Kemadasa’s musical composition Pirinivanmangallaya
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-07-28) Senevirathne, Niroshi
Introduction This study will focus on one of the earliest plays of Euripides, Alkestis. Euripides is known to be a revolutionary playwright, who introduced novel characters and themes on to the ancient Greek stage. There are two slaves, one female and one male, playing a significant role in the play Alkestis and contributing to character and plot development. The objective of this study is to examine how Euripides uses the two slave characters effectively in the play to create an overall effect on the drama. Methodology The present study employs a literature survey accompanied by critical studies and analysis on Euripidean techniques on characterization and plot development. The speeches of the slaves and the dialogues in which they form a part will be studied closely. Besides, the other Euripidean plays with slave characters will also be studied closely. Secondary literature on Euripidean plays, Greek society and slavery and Greek drama will also be used as appropriate. Results and Discussion Plays of Euripides and various aspects of Euripidean drama have been studied extensively over the centuries. Though the slave characters as Andromachy and Hecuba have attracted scholarly attention the slave characters in Alkestis have not received sufficient attention. The present study therefore attempts to research this problem. Euripides is known for reforming the traditional configuration of ancient Greek plays by introducing strong female characters and intelligent slaves. As a result, Euripides was considered to be a revolutionist and he was criticized heavily by his society. The play Alkestis presents two slaves, one male and another female, their characteristics indicate that they are typical slaves who are loyal to their master / mistress and are devoid of restrained manners and intelligence. Though these two slaves appear only very briefly on stage, their presence is crucial for the development of the plot and of the characters of Alkestis and Admetos. Euripides was criticized by Aeschylus for incorporating certain characteristics, for example bold speech, as can be seen in the agon of Aristophanes, into his slave characters. However, these characteristics are distinct in the play through the two characters in the same way that Hecuba, Andromachy or Ion are represented in their respective plays. It is through the words of the slaves, especially those of the female slave that Alkestis becomes a dominant figure throughout the play despite her brief appearance.1 Euripides uses the slave characters to attract and to retain constant attention on Alkestis. Euripides has assigned specific roles, at specific instances, to these two slaves in rousing pathos in the play and the master sentimentalist has cleverly woven them into the plot of the play. Sometimes, the words of slaves represent their individual heartfelt declarations (Alkestis, lines 192-196), at other times they are spokes-persons of their slave community (ibid, lines 762-764; 769-771). At times they also disclose the views of the whole Phaerean society (ibid, lines 152-155). It is through the words of the female slave that the contrasting characteristics of Alkestis and Admetus were presented first to the audience. By using the female slave, Euripides, on one hand highlights the noble and virtuous character of Alkestis and, on the other hand the cowardice of Admetus. Furthermore, the unrestrained nature of her servile character stands in contrast to the reserved noble etiquettes of Alkestis. Such was Alkestis' manner at her public appearance (ibid, lines 169-173). Yet, if not for the employment of the slave character, who had access to Alkestis' private sphere of life, Euripides would not be able to draw the contrast between her internal element of morality that is expressed by the conflicts in her mind, and her external element of morality (displayed in her public appearance), which is sure to have multiple regulators. Moreover, the contribution of the female slave, through reporting Alkestis' concern for her children, is vital to accomplish the effective introduction of the child motive. In addition, the remarks of Alkestis gain more weight when they are reported by a loyal slave. In likecircumstances the audience is prepared to meet a mother wailing for her children's safety. This anticipates or forms a prologue to the resolution at which Alkestis' later arrives to safeguard her children (ibid, lines 302- 303). The character of the male slave on the other hand reveals to Heracles that the queen Alkestis is dead, the very thing Admetus wanted to hide from him. Here too through the unrestrained nature and recklessness of the slave, Admetus is reunited with his wife, Alkestis thus turning the play into a tragicomedy. It also helps Admetus to regain his lost kudos as a king whose hospitality is boundless. In addition, it is the betrayal of the male slave that draws Heracles' attention to Admetus' hospitality, thus it is the slave who prompts Heracles into action. Moreover, the male slave's remark, that Alkestis was a mother to him and to the fellow slaves indicates that she was an exceptionally kind mistress who never bullied her slaves psychologically, as any other slave owner of the time did. The comparison of the temperaments of Admetus and Alkestis towards their slaves makes us wonder whether Admetus was not as mild as Alkestis. Conclusion Thus, it is clear that the two slaves are necessary to stir pathos of the play. Their contribution to the development of Alkestis' and Admetus' characters is vital and significant. Euripides has cleverly used these slave characters not only in the development of the plot but also in introducing a change into the play by using Heracles to bring back Alkestis. In addition, the slave characters inform us of the condition of slavery that prevailed in Admetus' house. It can be stated that Euripides would not have appealed as much to audiences if not for the slave characters.
A comparative study of medieval Sinhala 'isa:' and modern Sinhala 'saha'/'ha:'
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-07-28) Ariyawansa, D.
Introduction 'Saha' and 'ha:' are the particles in modern Sinhala that are used to combine nouns and adjectives. The meaning of 'saha' and 'ha:' is the same and the tradition is employs both to combine more than two words. e.g.: Veḷ enda: saha veḷ endijǝ bat ha: pa:n vikuṇ ǝti. Unlike in modern Sinhala, they have been employed in classical Sinhalese to express the meaning 'with'. They are particles with an Old Indo-Aryan origin (Karunatillake 2012, p. 286, 322). In this research, 'saha' and 'ha:' are considered as particles with the meaning 'and', i.e. as devices of co-ordination. Various graphical representations for 'saha' and 'ha:' can be found in inscriptions of Prakrit Sinhala era and Medieval Sinhala era, namely ca, ce, ica and isa:. Here, attention is paid to 'isa:' in Medieval Sinhala inscriptions. The resear is based on the Anuradhapura slab inscription of King Kassapa V, the Mihintale slab inscriptions and the Badulla pillar inscription. The meaning underlying Mediaeval Sinhala 'isa:' and Modern Sinhala 'saha' is the same. Although both of them can be considered as particles expressing the meaning 'and', one can see that they are employed in a different ways. This study examines how these differences can be identified. A clear understanding about Medieval Sinhala 'isa:' and Modern Sinhala 'saha'/'ha:' is expected through the comparative study. Methodology This is a qualitative research based on the Anuradhapura slab inscription of King Kassapa V, Mihintale slab inscriptions and Badulla pillar inscription. These inscriptions will be examined for their use of 'isa:'. Their contexts and patterns will be recognized. After that, it will be compared with the use of Modern Sinhala 'saha'/'ha:' and important points will be identified. Through these points, the study will conclude whether the meaning and employment of medieval Sinhala 'isa:' and modern Sinhala 'saha'/'ha:' are the same or different. Discussion and Results When examining particular inscriptions, using 'isa:' can be found in several contexts. Sometimes it combines two nouns and these nouns may be in dect case or oblique case. e.g.: seyi giri veherhi isa: abahayi giri veherhi isa:, gekuli: isa: maṇ uvæ:sarǝ isa: (Mihintale slab inscriptions). In complex sentences, the particle 'isa:' can be found without a limitation. It may be used to coordinate many subjects and many objects in the same sentence. e.g.: a:kæmija: isa: veherleja: isa: karanda leja: isa:… eknaṭ pas kiri: bægin isa:…. (Ibid.). Sometimes it is difficult to understand the meaning in these kinds of contexts. 'Isa:' has been always placed at the end of every word that is combined with it. Apart from nouns, 'isa:' has been employed with gerunds. In this case, graphical representations of gerunds may vary though they have combined with 'isa:', gas koḷ nokapǝnu isa: mela:tsi: novadna: isa:, gedaḍ noganna: isa: des nojavanu isa: (Anuradhapura slab inscription). Furthermore, it is noteworthy that 'isa:' has been used to combine two or more clauses in complex sentences. e.g.: daḍǝ ganut misæ anija: nokǝrǝnu isa: … tiræ genæ daḍǝ noilvanu isa… piṭat kotǝ no genæ janu isa….(Badulla pillar inscription). When examining particular inscriptions, it can be seen that one inscription may consist of two or three sentences. Sometimes more than twenty-five lines have been combined with the particle 'isa:'. Moving onto the employment of 'saha'/'ha:' in Modern Sinhala, one can clearly see that it is limited to combine two words in the sense of co- ordination. Unlike 'isa:' saha is never used more than once. In modern Sinhala, the pattern is to combine words with commas and employ 'saha' before the last word. When combining gerunds, they should be kept in the same form. i.e. karǝru saha balanu piṇisa instead of karǝnu saha bæli:mǝ piṇisǝ . When there are more clauses to combine, 'da', 'isa:' and 'ha:' is mixed in modern Sinhalese. e. g.: Amma: da mamǝ da potpat ha: a:ha:rǝ rægenǝ pa:salǝṭǝ saha pantijǝṭǝ gijemu. If 'da', 'ha:' and 'saha' in this sentence are replaced with 'isa:', the result is, *Amma: isa: mamǝ isa: potpat isa: a:ha:rǝ isa: rægenǝ pa:salǝṭǝ isa: pantijǝṭǝ isa: gijemu. It is difficult to get a proper idea from the sentence. When comparing these points, 'isa:' can be identified as a particle with various meanings such as 'and', 'furthermore', and 'not only… but also'. Depending on the contexts, the meaning of the particle varies. Contrastingly, 'saha'/'ha:' in modern Sinhala is employed only with the sense 'and'. When comparing the patterns, it could be seen that 'isa:' has been widely used in several sentence structures more than 'saha'/'ha:'. Conclusion Considering these facts, it can be understood that medieval Sinhala 'isa:' is not identical with modern Sinhala 'saha'/'ha:' in its use. Though it is considered that 'saha'/'ha:' are the results of the development of the particle 'isa:', differences have occurred with that development. Thus, apart from just identifying modern Sinhala 'saha'/'ha:' as the particles developed from Medieval Sinhala 'isa:', it should be recognized that both particles have their own meanings and uses as pointed out above.
A comparative study of the concept of Ideal statesman as depicted in the Philosophy of Plato and in the early Buddhism
(University of Peradeniya, 2008-12-18) Samaratunge, Ayoma
A comparative study on ED-Cds and CBD-Cds thin films
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-11-05) Abeykoon, M.R.M.B.; Kumarage, W.G.C.; Dassanayake, B.S.
Among various deposition methods of CdS, chemical bath deposition (CBD) and electrochemical deposition (ED) standout due its simplicity, low cost along with uniformity of the fabricated samples. In this work CdS thin films are fabricated using CBD (CBD-CdS) and ED (ED-CdS) methods and compared using XRD, SEM, UV-visible spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) measurements. All samples were deposited on thoroughly cleaned fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glasses. CBD-CdS was fabricated using, 0.001 M CdSO₄, 0.002 M CS(NH₂)₂ and 1.1 ml of NH₄OH at a bath temperature of 80 °C for one hour. ED-CdS was deposited by three electrode cathodic electrodeposition in an aqueous solution of 0.05 M CdCl₂, 0.05 M Na₂S₂O₃ at -600 mV against the Ag/AgCl electrode, at a bath temperature of 60 °C and a pH between1-2. All fabricated films were air annealed at 200 °C for 1 hour. The XRD analysis shows that the fabricated ED-CdS and CBD-CdS are predominantly hexagonal. The SEM images of the ED-CdS samples indicate that the surfaces of the fabricated films containing spherical features with various sizes. ED-CdS indicate more uniform coagulates compared to that of CBD-CdS. Hence, it is expected that the electrochemical deposition gives better packing, higher uniformity and better contact with the FTO, resulting in higher ISC for ED-CdS. The flat band potential value calculated form the Mott-Schottky plot was found to be -683 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for the ED-CdS and -533 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for the CBD-CdS, suggesting the existence of different electron affinity levels of CdS depending on the deposition method. The average transmittance of fabricated CBD-CdS and ED-CdS films were found to be 75% and 51% respectively. It can be concluded that the opto-electrical properties of CdS thin films are dependent on deposition method and ED-CdS show superior electrical properties compared to CBD-CdS.
A comparative study on the moral perspective of the education system prescribed by Plato and the Pirivena system of education in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-07-28) Pushpakumara , S.K.N.
Introduction One of the significant features of the “new” education was the development of educational theories. Plato was the earliest important Greek philosopher and educationist in the history of western education. Several research topics have discussed the Platonic system and its influence on the modern theories of education in the western world. The best -known aspect of Plato’s educational thought is his portrayal of the ideal society in the Republic in which the goal is to produce citizens who are capable of playing their part in the civic community. Plato sets out the outline and the curriculum of an educational system in the Republic and believed that education is not simply a narrow vocational training but a moral formation of the man. The system of education in Sri Lanka has its own historical development. The concept of education was first found in the education of the monks in monasteries with the introduction of Buddhism to the country after the arrival of Ven. Mahinha Thero. Education was imparted solely by monasteries. With the establishment of the Pirivena, the foundation was laid for the development of a Sri Lankan education system. This study discusses two education systems developed in ancient Greece and in Sri Lanka. This paper undertakes a comparative study on moral perspective of the system of education prescribed by Plato in his dialogues and the Pirivena system of education in Sri Lanka before the colonial period. The object of this study is to examine the resemblances through the moral perspectives of the respective education systems. Methodology This investigation is mainly based on library research. Plato’s Republic is the primary source used in this study. The Pirivena Education Act of 1979, inscriptions, interviews and field visits to selected Privena institutions helped to obtain information regarding the Pirivena system of education in Sri Lanka. Both Plato’s education system and the Pirivena system of education were studied separately to analyze the information gathered from the research. Results and Discussion The findings of the study indicated that both systems of education are based on an ethical foundation where ethics and virtues are not only significant for the mental, social, economic development and moral leadership of individuals but also in forming a virtuous society. Plato’s education system developed in ancient Greece and the Pirivena system of education in ancient Sri Lanka emphasize on the importance of moral education of pupils. In both education systems young children were given an ethical education to create a morally empowered nation. In the Platonic education system all three classes of people were given a moral education through the curriculum in order to create good citizens in the future. Moral education aimed at producing a virtuous society. Bravery, moderation, justice and temperance are among the virtues that Plato wished to inculcate into his students through his system of education. Plato gives special attention to the moral and ethical education of the citizens in his ideal state and his education system includes the study of social and political conditions of morality. In Pirivena education, both lay pupils and the bhikkhus received moral education through the Buddhist ethics. The objectives of moral education in Pirivena education included the mental, social, economic and character, development of the lay people which is promoted through Buddhism. The building of a virtuous society depended on the moral goodness of the people. Therefore, moral education is necessary to inculcate harmony in the society by preserving the traditional values. Both the Platonic education system and Pirivena education aim to and depend on discipline. Plato intends to produce a nation of disciplined citizen. Therefore, discipline is a required quality not only for the individualistic development but also for social and economic development of the state. Self-discipline is necessary for each individual engaged in fulfilling different tasks or services in accordance with the social structure of the ideal state. In the Pirivena education system, discipline is important for the bhikkhus and for lay pupils. Discipline is more important for meditation as it involves the body and mind and it is a method of taking control of the mind. Hence, discipline is necessary for the bhikkhus to study the profound teaching of Buddhism. The discipline of all citizens lso important to maintain peace and harmony of the state. Therefore, in both education systems discipline plays a specific role in moral education. Another significant objective of both education systems is the moral leadership. In the Platonic education system, the production of an intelligent, philosophical, governing class becomes the ultimate aim. However, in Pirivena education the development of moral leadership was considered more important. The prevalence and prosperity of any state depends on the conduct and administration of a good leader. Furthermore, the educated monks became the educators of the society and their main function was to guide the citizens to lead a better and virtuous life. Therefore, in both education systems the development of moral leadership is important. Conclusion The systems of education proposed by Plato and that practiced in Sri Lankan Pirivenas embrace many ideas and principles that are no less valuable because they are old. Despite the different socio-cultural and socio-political scenarios and the time frame within which these education systems operated and developed, both systems noted the importance of giving moral education and good ethical training to their pupils.
A comparison of health habits, cancer risk and the use of screening tests for cancer between a migrant Sri Lankan population in the USA and their siblings/first cousins living in Sri Lanka
(The University of Peradeniya, 2013-07-04) Dissanayake, D. S.; Jones, L. A.
Comparing a migrant population with that of siblings and first cousins still living in the country of origin could explain how health habits have changed with acculturation to a new society. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in Sri Lanka. The aims of this study were to compare the health habits and other factors related to cancer, and the pattern of utilization of methods available for early detection of cancer, between Sri Lankan Sinhalese living in Houston, United States of America (USA) with that of their siblings and first cousins living in Sri Lanka. This cross sectional comparative study comprised Sri Lankan Sinhalese adults living in Houston, USA and their adult siblings and first cousins living in Sri Lanka. The 90 pairs studied were matched for sex and for age within ± 10 years. Data collection was carried out as telephone interviews using a questionnaire. Engaging in physical exercise was significantly lower among the subjects living in Sri Lanka (p=0.003). Having less than thirty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical exercise was reported by 41% of the group in Sri Lanka and 19% of the group in the USA. When compared to the study group in Sri Lanka, alcohol consumption was significantly higher in the USA group (p=0.006). Only 4% of the USA group and 5.5% of the group in Sri Lanka were heavy smokers. Frequent ‘bulath’ chewing with carcinogenic ingredients was reported among only those living in Sri Lanka (4%). A significantly higher percentage of the USA subjects had a high consumption of red meat (51%) compared to relatives in Sri Lanka (10%) (p< 0.001). Fruit and fruit juice intake was higher among US participants (p= 0.008, p< 0.001 respectively). Fish and vegetable consumption was higher among the participants in Sri Lanka (p< 0.001, p= 0.004 respectively). Type 2 diabetes mellitus was reported by 18% of participants from each country. Equally high proportions from both countries (73% in the USA and 72% in Sri Lanka) perceived as having moderate to high mental stress. Of the females aged 35 years or above (84% in USA and 11.9% in Sri Lanka) have been screened for breast cancer by a mammogram (p<0.001). The difference is highly significant. A significantly higher proportion of females living in the USA have been screened for pre-malignant lesions of the cervix by a Pap smear (p<0.001). Of the males aged over 50 years, a significantly higher proportion in the USA have been screened for prostate cancer (p< 0.001). The risk factors for cancer differed in the two groups indicating a change in lifestyle accompanying migration. Utilization of methods for early detection of cancer was poor among the group in Sri Lanka despite the high incidence of cancer in the country.
A comparison of larval feeds and the effect of sun light on theg growth of guppy (Poecillia Reticulata )
(Unviersity of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 1999-11-20) Chamila Kumari, Y. A. A.; Edirisinghe, Udeni
Guppy (Poeillia reticulata) is the most widely distributed and firmly established aquarium fish in the world. The efficient management practices as well as the balanced larval feeds have a direct effect on the exporting quality. Three larval feeds were tested for growth and survival of guppy fry. Artemia salina eggs were hatched using 28-30 ppt saline water kept at 27 °C for 24 hours. Micro- worms (Anguillula silusiae) were cultured on bread and Soya flour mixture. A dry pelleted feed was formulated using intestines of layer chicken, shrimp head meal, tilapia head meal and Soya flour as protein sources. CRD with three replicates was used as the experimental design. Day old guppy fry were introduced to each tank at a stocking density of 64 fry/m². They were fed twice a day at 100g/10,000 fry. Weight gain was measured at 7-Day interval. Water quality parameters were recorded at 4-Day interval through out the experimental period. The effect of sun light on the growth rate, survival and colour development was determined by keeping one treatment exposed to the sunlight while the other unexposed. Post larvae fed with artemia and micro worms showed significantly higher (P0.05) in the three treatments and the values were within the tolerable range for guppy. Fish exposed to sun light showed significantly higher growth (P<0.05), and more attractive colour patterns. Fecundity was found to be directly related to the body weight. Results revealed that hatched artemia as well as micro-worms could be used as a larval feeds for guppy. After the first 14 days, formulated feed could be used to achieve higher performance. It could be concluded that sun light has a favourable effect on the growth rate development of attractive colour patterns, healthiness as well as fecundity.
A comparison of urinary β2 microglobulin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology and controls from Medawachchiya and Ja-ela
(The University of Peradeniya, 2013-07-04) Siriwardhana, E. A. R. I. E.; Perera, P. A. J.; Sivakanesan, R.; Abeysekera, D. T. D. J.
Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) has been reported in developing countries including Nicaragua, countries of Balkan region, Tunisia and Sri Lanka. Numerous studies carried out to date in these countries have failed to reveal the credible contributory factors for this disease. The objective of the present study was to compare the urinary β2 microglobulin (β2M) levels of CKDu subjects from Medawachchiya with those of normal subjects from Medawachchiya (Control M) and Ja-Ela (Control J). The test group consisted of 30 CKDu patients who were randomly selected from the CKDu patient register of Medawachchiya renal clinic. Normal age and sex matched individuals were selected as controls from the same division (Control M, n=30) and from Ja – Ela (Control J, n=30), an area which has been declared to be free from CKDu. Spot urine samples from all the subjects were collected and β2M estimated in duplicate using an ELISA test kit (BIOQUANT, B-2MG BQO10T, Germany). The mean urinary β2M level in CKDu patients (1.24 ± 0.71 μg/mL) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of control groups M (0.16 ± 0.05 μg/mL) and J (0.17 ± 0.05 μg/mL), while the control groups M and J had similar β2M levels. The urinary β2M levels between males and females of each of the three groups revealed no significant (p > 0.05) differences. Urinary β2M was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in males (1.31 ± 0.76 μg/mL) of the test group than of the males in the control groups (0.14 ± 0.04 μg/mL and 0.18 ± 0.05 μg/mL, respectively, in groups M and J). Similarly, significantly higher β2M concentration was seen in females of the test group (1.14 ± 0.65 μg/mL) than in females in the control groups (0.17 ± 0.05 μg/mL and 0.16 ± 0.05 μg/mL, respectively, in groups M and J). Renal tubular function based on urinary β2M showed a significant difference between those afflicted with CKDu and controls in the CKDu prevalent Medawachchiya Divisional Secretariat, as well as those from Ja-ela. Urinary β2M excretion is significantly higher in those affected with CKDu.
A complete pipeline of free bioinformatics tools for de novo transcriptome assembly and SSR primer design
(University of Peradeniya, 2019-09-12) Naranpanawa, D. N. U.; Chandrasekara, C. H. W. M. R. B.; Bandaranayake, P. C. G.; Bandaranayake, A. U.
During the past few decades, next-generation sequencing technologies have grown exponentially in terms of throughput, speed and reduction of sequencing cost. This has revolutionized the field of genomics, allowing the production of vast datasets. However, methods and software requirements for analyzing this data to interpret correct biological meaning are not experiencing the same growth rate. One such limitation is the unaffordable price of commercially available bioinformatics software. Hence, only a small fraction of genomes and transcriptomes have been completely assembled and annotated. Lack of reference genomes for comparative assembly lead to computationally more challenging de novo assembly. In addition, obtaining an assembly is a complex process that require many steps by using several complex tools. Due to this, beginners in bioinformatics might find analysis procedures too complicated and time-consuming with the associated learning-curve. Therefore, in order to aid novice biologists in assembling sequence data, and to bridge the bottleneck in computational biology and bioinformatics, we present a complete pipeline of freely available bioinformatics software for de novo transcriptome assembly. This pipeline was developed by combining several individual software through user-friendly shell scripts. To test the pipeline, we used Illumina HiSeq paired-end RNA-seq reads from four oil-producing Santalum album (sandalwood) tree samples from a published study. The raw data were first filtered for low quality reads, trimmed for adapters and normalized. Assembly was performed with Trinity de novo assembler. The quality of the assembly was tested with BUSCO, Bowtie2 and TransRate, and indicated to be high quality. In order to further validate the accuracy of the assembly, we used the assembled transcriptome to identify gene-specific Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. Primers were designed for eight S. album oil biosynthetic genes and two control genes, which were validated in the laboratory with respective samples. All primers amplified successfully, confirming the designed workflow. Furthermore, five SSR markers polymorphic among tested sandalwood accessions are potential markers to be utilized in sandalwood breeding programs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt of developing a user-friendly, validated assembly pipeline with free bioinformatics software and tools, provided with detailed documentation.
A computer based statistical tool to analyze the correlation among DNA sequences
(The University of Peradeniya, 2013-07-04) Jayarathna, P. G. S. S.; Sooriyapathirana, S. D. S. S.; Yapa, R. D.
DNA is the molecule of life. DNA sequence analysis is the key for understanding many biological questions. In bioinformatics, statistical techniques such as frequency distribution techniques, alignment algorithms, hypothesis testing, and clustering techniques are used to analyze the correlation among DNA sequences. Furthermore, comparing lengths, GC-content, AT/GC ratio, repetition of small sub-sequences and the analysis about restriction sites are the most basic analysis on the DNA sequences. Pie charts and the frequency tables can be used to analyze nucleotide distribution among DNA sequences. In DNA sequence analysis, sequence alignment is one of the most important steps to identify the similarity regions between DNA sequences, because it reflects functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships among them. Since the process of alignment algorithms like Smith-Waterman’s are very time consuming, the BLAST algorithm can be used as a time efficient procedure because it addresses the fundamental problems and the algorithm emphasizes speed over sensitivity. Cluster Analysis is also associated widely in DNA sequence analysis. The DNA analysis by using different statistical techniques requires several statistical tools and demands considerable expertise in statistics. Therefore, an attempt was made to design a user friendly computer based statistical tool to analyze one or more DNA sequences in different paths of statistics and make a sequence alignment efficiently. The DNA Sequence Analysis Tool (DSAT) was developed and implemented. by using vb.net programming language in Microsoft Visual Studio 8. MSChart and MSChartVisualStudioAddOn tools were used to display graphic outputs of the tool. An analysis can be conducted under five options named as Nucleotide Distribution Analysis, Basic Analysis (GC content, AT/GC ratio and repetitions), Multiple Analysis, Pair wise Analysis and Cluster Analysis. The DSAT contains a collection of several statistical techniques in one application and quick in aligning DNA sequences. This statistical tool can be used by biologists and students with limited statistical knowledge in quick time to get more detailed information about the correlation among DNA sequences.
A critical evaluation of the ownership and responsibilities of early childhood care, development and education in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, 2019-09-12) Abesooriya, L.
Early Childhood Care and Development and Education are considered crucial for human development (UNICEF, 2007 cited in Gallardo, 2009). The dearth of research in Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) and education indicate that less attention is paid to its advancement in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the child related studies conducted in Sri Lanka are limited. This paper presents a critical evaluation of the policies related to the ownership and responsibilities of ECCD and education in Sri Lanka. A qualitative research design was used for this study. Interviews were done with responsible informants at the Children’s Secretariat and Provincial Councils. Furthermore, documents related to ECCD and education were analysed using thematic analysis in order to discover the emerging themes related to the policies of ECCD and education. The findings showed that there is no single designated authority who is responsible in maintaining the early childhood care and education in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, it was noted that the responsibility of ECCD and education constantly shifts from one authority to another. In addition, the contradictions in the policies regarding the responsibilities and ownership was noted. Hence, the requirement for stern and stable policies to establish authorities to maintain and also to share the responsibilities regarding the early childhood development and care and education is highlighted in the present study.

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