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    Bioactivities of methanolic leaf extracts of Adenanthera pavonina, Cynometra cauliflora and Dregea volubilis
    (Postgraduate Institute of Science (PGIS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-11-01) Bowaddeniya, U. G. W. S.; Kalinga, J.; Piyasena, N.; Marikkar, J. M. N.; Adikaram, N. K. B.; Jayasinghe, L.
    This study determines the bioactivities of the leaves of three abundantly distributed plants in Sri Lanka. Healthy leaves of Cynometra cauliflora (Fabaceae: “Naminan”), Adenanthera pavonina (Fabaceae: “Madatiya”) and Dregea volubilis (Apocynaceae: “Anguna”) were collected from Kandy District. The collected leaves were shade-dried, ground and extracted into methanol by sonication. Antioxidant ability by 2-2–Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays, α-Amylase inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity against brine shrimps and phytotoxicity against lettuce seed germination were assessed for a concentration series ranging from 2000 mg/L to 31.25 mg/L. All assays were triplicated. Results of the DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed C. cauliflora has relatively strong activity (IC₅₀ 7.19 ± 0.15 mg/L) compared to the positive control: ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ 1.97 ± 0.02 mg/L), whereas A. pavonina (IC₅₀ 248.64 ± 0.02 mg/L) and D. volubilis (IC₅₀ 361.40 ± 0.09 mg/L) extracts showed moderate activities. Compared to the FRAP of positive control, Trolox (12.07 ± 0.03 μmol of FeSO₄/mg of the sample), the highest FRAP was observed in C. cauliflora (4.28 ± 0.02 μmol of FeSO₄/mg) followed by A. pavonina (0.05 ± 0.03 μmol of FeSO₄/mg) and D. volubilis (0.04 ± 0.03 μmol of FeSO₄/mg). Cynometra cauliflora (IC₅₀134.29 ± 5.24 mg/L) and A. pavonina leaves (IC₅₀ 365.03 ± 4.57 mg/L) have strong α-amylase inhibition potential compared with the IC₅₀ of positive control: acarbose (45.99 ± 3.97 mg/L) whereas, D. volubilis resulted a weak activity (> 2000 mg/L). In the brine shrimp lethality assay, C. cauliflora, A. pavonina, and D. volubilis showed LC₅₀ of 880.07 ± 0.15 mg/L, 1900.42 ± 0.08 mg/L, and 109.95 ± 0.13 mg/L respectively. K₂Cr₂O₇ (LC₅₀ 35.16 ± 0.03 mg/L) was used as the positive control. In lettuce seed germination assay, compared to the inhibition of abscisic acid (shoot inhibition IC₅₀ 0.99 ± 0.35 mg/L, root inhibition IC₅₀ 1.11 ± 0.50 mg/L), only C. cauliflora resulted a moderate root inhibition (523.22 ± 0.05 mg/L) while other two extracts showed a weak inhibition (> 2000 mg/L). None of the crude extracts resulted an inhibition in the shoot elongation. Results from all assays were significantly different from the positive controls. However, as crude leaf extracts of C. cauliflora and A. pavonina may contain potent anti-diabetic compounds due to the strong potential to inhibit α-amylase enzyme.