Anti-candidal activity of some plants in the eastern region of Sri Lanka
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Date
2011
Authors
Thanaraj, Vijayaladsume
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
University of Peradeniya
Abstract
Anti-candidal activity of different parts including stem bark, leaves, fruits, seeds, fruit rind and seed shoots of twenty four plants from different eighteen families in Eastern region of Sri Lanka were investigated for their activity against seven different Candida species such as Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Candida rugosa, Candida sake and Pichia ohmeri. Water extract of plants parts were screened for anti-candidal activity. The anti-candidal activity was assessed by measuring zones of inhibition of fungal growth surrounding the plant extract. In addition, the effects of extraction temperature on activity were evaluated in three different temperatures (Room temperature, 70 °C and 100°C). The stem bark extracts showed greater activity than the leaf extracts. In preliminary testing the procedure was carried out by using a single replicate for each plant parts. The extracts, which showed anti-candidal activity ( 6 mm diameter zone of inhibition) against at least five different Candida species, were repeated with triplicates to get average zone of inhibition. Among twenty four plants, twelve plants showed varied levels of anti-candidal activity to at least one of the tested Candida species and eight plant parts showed good activity against at least five Candida species. These eight plant species were Anacardium occidentale L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Psidium guava L., Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels., Borasuss flabellifer L., Punica granatum L. and Rhizophora apiculata Bl. The selected eight plant parts showed significant intra species variation against selected seven different Candida species at (p > 0.05) level. The increased activity of some of the plant extracts of the present study with the increased temperature may point out that increases the yield of the active compounds. Anacardium occidentale L. stem bark and R. apiculata Bl prop root bark water extract showed increased activity with increased temperature. The water extract obtained from stem bark of R. apiculata BI after boiling showed the maximum activity against C. parapsilosis (18.67 mm) and boiled extracts of Anacardium occideniale L. showed maximum zone for C. dubliniensis (16 mm). At the same time some plant extracts showed lower activity with increased temperature. S. cumini (L) Skeels stem bark activity decreased against Candida species when extracts were derived from boiling but extract obtained at 70 °C showed good activities against all seven Candida species. A. indica A. Juss. seeds and P. granatum L. fruit rind extract obtained at room temperature gave better activity against Candida species than that obtained at 70 °C and at boiling. Plant part extracts which showed significant anti-candidal activity were investigated for their minimum inhibitory concentration by using agar dilution assay (extraction at different temperature). Each Candida species showed varies level of MICs against eight ‘selected plant parts extracts. C. albicans showed extreme resistance to the following plant parts; P. emblica L. stem bark, B. flabelifer L. seed shoot and P. granatum L. stem bark extract (MIC = > 12.8 x <original value in the pdf> /ml) and it was sensitive to P. guava L. stem bark (MIC = 0.4 x <original value in the pdf> /ml). C. dubliniensis showed resistance to bark extract of 4. occidentale L., P. emblica L. and P. granatum L. (MIC = 6.4 x <original value in the pdf> /ml) and it was highly sensitive to B. flabelifer L. seed shoot extract (MIC = 0.1 x <original value in the pdf> /ml). C. sake showed resistance to extract of P. emblica L. stem bark, P. granatum L. fruit rind, Syzygium cumini(L) Skeels and R. apiculata Bl. prop root bark with an MIC value of 6.4 x <original value in the pdf> /ml. It was sensitive to B. flabelifer L. with MIC value of 0.4 x <original value in the pdf> /ml. C. rugosa showed extreme resistance to stem bark extract of P. emblica L. and S. cumini (L) Skeels. with an identical MIC value of > 12.8 x <original value in the pdf> /ml and it showed high sensitivity to.4. occidentale L. stem bark extract (MIC = 0.2 x <original value in the pdf> /ml). P. ohmeri showed resistance to P. emblica L. stem bark extract and R. apiculata BI. prop root bark extract with an MIC value of 6.4 x <original value in the pdf> /ml. It was highly sensitive to the seed shoot extract of B. flabelifer L. (MIC = 0.1 x <original value in the pdf> /ml). —C. guilliermondii showed resistant to stem bark extract of A. occidentale L., P. emblica L. and seed shoot extract of B. flabelifer L. (MIC = 6.4.x <original value in the pdf> /ml). It was sensitive to P. guava L. stem bark extract (MIC = 0.8 x <original value in the pdf> ml). C. parapsilosis showed resistance to stem bark extracts of P. emblica L. (MIC = 12.8 x <original value in the pdf> /ml). It showed sensitive to extracts of P. guava L. stem bark and seed shoot of B. flabelifer L. (MIC = 0.4 x <original value in the pdf> /ml). The results obtained appeared to confirm the anti-candidal potential of the A. occidentale L. stem bark, P. emblica L. stem bark, A. indica A. Juss. seeds, P. guava L. stem bark, S. cumini (L) Skeels. stem bark, B. flabellifer L. seed shoot, P. granatum L. fruit rind and R. apiculata Bl. stem bark.
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Keywords
Fungus , Anti-candidal activity , Plant extracts , Sri Lanka