iPURSE 2024

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/20.500.14444/5274

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Intraspecific diversity of elaeocarpus Montanus Thwaites in Sri Lanka, based on molecular data
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Hapuarachchi, S.I.; Silva, G.G.N.D.; Yakandawala, K.; Yakandawala, D.M.D.
Elaeocarpus montanus Thwaites (family Elaeocarpaceae) is a medium-sized tree with nearly globular, tinged red brown colour fruits confined to the montane forests of Sri Lanka. A recent morphometric study carried out on the genus Elaeocarpus in Sri Lanka, based on field collected samples, revealed morphological variations among populations within the species, recognizing three phenetic groups. Given its status as an endemic species classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 2020, a comprehensive taxonomic study is imperative for the conservation of E. montanus in Sri Lanka. Hence, the current study was aimed to reassess the phenetic groups identified through morphometric analysis and to establish a phylogenetic framework for confirming the monophyly of E. montanus, employing molecular sequence data. Three specimens were collected from each population, representing the three phenetic groups. The genomic DNA extractions of fresh leaf samples were carried out using the modified CTAB method with an addition step of sorbitol pre- washing. The trnL-trnF, ITS, matK and trnH-psbA regions were PCR amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on Maximum Parsimony method, along with model-based methods, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Analysis. Elaeocarpus angustifolius was used as the out group. Although the E. montanus was supported as a monophyletic taxon in all analyses, the populations within the species representing the three phenetic groups, even though resolved as separate clades, were weakly supported (Posterior Probability less than 0.005) and unresolved. The sequence diversity in the selected barcoding regions was not adequate (genetic distances less than 0.002) to support the phenetic grouping. Therefore, a detailed molecular analysis of populations is necessary to reveal the levels of population diversity, isolation and the taxonomic position of E. montanus.
Mango in Sri Lankan homegardens: how predominant are they?
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Kuruppuarachchi, N.; Lowe, W.A.M.; Silva, G.L.L.P.; Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G.; Weerahewa, J.
Mango (Mangifera indica L.), is a fruit tree with significant importance in Sri Lanka, is cultivated both in orchards and homegardens. These homegardens, similar to secondary forests, host mango trees through natural regeneration or household interventions. Demanding minimal management, mango provides nutritional support and a valuable income source to households. They also contribute in carbon storing and offer various ecosystem services. The study was conducted through a survey which encompassed 435 homegardens across four districts in Sri Lanka representing 16 agro-ecological-regions. Mango tree diversity was assessed in terms of abundance, dominance, density and similarity to evaluate the prominence level of mango trees in the homegardens. Mango trees were observed in 85%, 59%, 87% and 60% of the homegardens respectively, in Hambantota, Jaffna, Matale, and Ratnapura districts accounting a total of 965 mango trees in 313 homegardens. This represents 25% of fruit trees recorded in homegardens. Average number of mango trees/homegarden ranged from two to five, where Hambantota district exhibiting the highest average. Mango trees were found as the second most prevalent plant species in homegardens in both Hambantota and Jaffna, while ranking at fourth and fifth prevalence levels in Matale and Ratnapura, respectively. The majority of mango trees (64%) were dominating the understory of homegardens. Compared to the other tree crops, mango demonstrated a higher density, occurrence, dominance, and similarity in Jaffna, attributed to lower species-richness and tree-abundance. Furthermore, above-ground biomass (AGB), diameter-breast-height, and basal-area of mango trees varied across the districts, thus contributing differently to total AGB. Overall, homegardens in Sri Lanka play a crucial role as vital reserves for population and diversity of mango trees, potentially preserving unique genotypes through the efforts of custodian farmers. Providing guidance on proper care and effective management practices for mango trees in homegardens can yield a range of economic and environmental benefits.
Microbiological quality assessment of the poultry broiler starter feed
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Gallage, H.C.; Karunarathna, Ruwani; Karunarathna, H.M.T.K.; Weerasinghe, L.A.D.E.; Samita, S.; Kalupahana, R.S.; Kottawatta, K.S.A.
The poultry feed industry has grown as a large-scale industry in Sri Lanka. Amidst the growth in the industry, producing high quality and safety feed is important. Biological contaminants; bacteria and fungi are the key causes for feed deterioration, and diseases in poultry. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality of 32 broiler starter feed samples, considered to one feed brand, collected from eight feed distributors and their 24 feed-supplying farms in Kurunegala district. The samples were processed for detection of Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) count, aerobic plate count (APC), and Salmonella spp as per the ISO and SLS guidelines. Lacto Phenol Cotton Blue (LPCP) staining was performed to identify the fungi species. According to the EU safety levels, the ENT, APC, and moulds of poultry feed should be present below 300 cfu/g, 1.0×10⁶ cfu/g, and 1.0×10⁶ CFU/g respectively, and Salmonella should be absent as per both EU and ISO standards. The ENT of one sample at the distributor stage exceeded 300 CFU/g. None of the samples were positive for Salmonella. The APC varied between 4.3×10³ and 1.9×10⁵ CFU/g, giving the mean APC of 6.4×10⁴ CFU/g and 1.3×10⁵ CFU/g at distributor and farm levels. Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, and Rhizopus spp were identified from the cultured feed at the distributor stage and the count varied between 1.0×10² and 3.0x10² CFU/g whereas Mucor, Cladosporium spp, and Scopulariopsis spp, were additionally identified from farm level feed samples, and count varied between 1.0×10² and 2.1×10³ CFU/g. The TBC and the fungi count were significantly different (P< 0.0001 and P=0.01) at the farm stage. Although the TBC and the fungi count at the farm stage are within the safety levels, there is suggestive biological contamination. Further, the diversity of the moulds present in the feed samples indicates the environmental contamination of the processed feed.
Molecular characterization of neopestalotiopsis species associated with Camellia Sinensis from selected tea plantations in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Weerasekara, I.T.; Udayanga, Dhanushka; Manamgoda, Dimuthu S.; Mapa, Sumudu; Castlebury, Lisa A.
Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is an important commercial crop cultivated in many countries such as China, India, Sri Lanka and Kenya to produce the renowned beverage called “tea”. Immature leaves and buds are utilized in the production of tea and hence it is vital to maintain health of the tea foliage to maintain optimal quality and quantity of tea yield. “Gray blight” is a destructive fungal disease caused by Pestalotiopsis-like taxa, affecting tea leaves. In this study, several Pestalotiopsis-like taxa were isolated from tea leaves exhibiting gray blight symptoms from the major tea cultivation zones of Sri Lanka including Southern, Uva, Central and Sabaragamuwa provinces. The genetic diversity of the isolates initially identified as Neopestalotiopsis spp., based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S and the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster (ITS) sequence data were assessed by multigene phylogenetic analysis of the specific gene regions ITS, partial sequences of β-tubulin (TUB2) and translation elongation factor 1- α (TEF1-α). Results revealed that Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, N. petila, N. saprophytica, N. hydeana and N. surinamensis distributed over eight tea plantation sites in Sri Lanka. However, phylogenetic identification of some fungal isolates remained ambiguous due to unstable topology of the multigene phylogram of this genus. In pathogenicity assays, all of these species induced typical gray blight lesions on artificially inoculated tea leaves confirming Koch’s postulate. Among the identified isolates, only N. clavispora has been recorded previously as a gray blight associated fungal pathogen in C. sinensis globally, yet not within Sri Lanka. Also, this study confirmed that the cause of gray blight disease is not confined to a single pathogenic fungal species, but rather a complex of fungi.
Modified low-cost growth medium for spirulina platensis using cow dung tea
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Rathnayake, R.; Wijesundara, A.L.S.S.
Spirulina platensis, a filamentous cyanobacterium, has garnered attention for its nutritional and potential health benefits. It has been utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries as well as in high-value products. While Zarrouk’s medium is commonly used as the standard medium for Spirulina cultivation, its large-scale adoption is hindered by higher procurement expenses. This study aimed to develop a low-cost medium using cow dung tea for cultivating S. platensis biomass, derived from the anaerobic digestion of cow dung which comprises essential nutrients for S. platensis growth. Spirulina platensis was cultivated in 20 g/1L cow dung tea medium with sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and urea in four different concentrations, prepared by adjusting the nitrogen sources, with three replicates (medium B, D, E, F). The algae were grown 24 hrs under illumination (3000 lux CFL bulb), and the temperature was maintained at 25±2°C inside the culture unit, with continuous shaking using an orbital shaker. Growth was monitored for 20 days, with optical density readings taken every three days at 680 nm, and chlorophyll concentration and dry weight measured every five days. Nutrient uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus) and physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity) were also recorded to track S. platensis growth. Normally distributed growth data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. After a 15-day culture period, it was found that a 50 ml jar containing 20 g/1L cow dung tea medium supplemented with 0.4 g sodium bicarbonate, 0.25 g sodium chloride, 0.01 g urea fertilizer, and 0.05 ml micronutrients (medium E) was the best low-cost alternative medium out of the four tested mediums for Spirulina platensis, exhibiting maximum specific growth rate (μ=4.5774 ± 0.5813), dry weight (5.036±0.405g/L), total biomass (316.307mg/L), and chlorophyll ‘a’ content (5.441 ± 0.26μg/ml), respectively, under laboratory conditions. It is 4.8 times more profitable and yields higher compared to Zarrouk’s medium.
Molecular detection of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum and Mycoplasma Synoviae using SYBR green based quantitative PCR assay in selected live ird markets located in Western, Central and North Western province in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Govinna, M.M.; Ranathunga, B.D.D.T.; Wijekoon, W.M.J.L.; Dananjana, A.S.S.; Nadeeshani, S.; Wawegama, N.; Lokugalappatti, L.G.S.; H.R.N. Jinadasa,; Premarathna, J.M.K.J.K.; Satharasinghe, D.A.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are one of the key avian pathogens that exclusively infect the poultry industry globally. Infected chickens exhibit a wide range of respiratory symptoms and lead to considerable economic losses due to poor productivity, reduced egg production, carcass condemnation and decreased feed efficiently, all of which increase production cost. Rapid and accurate diagnostic methods are essential for preventing and controlling Mycoplasmosis more effectively. This study aimed to develop and optimize a convenient and rapid SYBR Green-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for accurate and efficient detection of MG and MS in poultry. Previously published primers targeting the 16s rRNA gene were utilized to detect the presence of Mycoplasma spp. Additionally, species specific primers targeting the mgc2 gene and vlhA gene were used to detect MG and MS, respectively. Melt curve analysis were deployed to assess the specificity and accuracy of the developed assays. The melting temperatures of the amplicons for Mycoplasma, MG and MS were determined to be 82°C, 77.5°C and 79 °C, respectively and detected as a single melt peak without cross reaction with other non- targeted pathogenic agents. Developed assays were used to detect the prevalence of DNA originated from MG, and MS in selected poultry live markets located at the Central, Western, and Northwestern provinces in Sri Lanka. Out of 300 tracheal swabs collected from live bird markets, revealed 36.66% (110/300) Mycoplasma spp. Prevalence level across the study areas. Out of the positive samples, MG was present in 81.81% (90/110) whilst MS present only in 18.18% (20/110) indicating MG infections were common in selected live bird markets. The developed assays can be utilized for rapid detection of Mycoplasmosis in poultry that could assist controlling the disease at early stages. Further, reported prevalence of Mycoplasmosis in selected live bird markets in Sri Lanka warrant further studies and regulations to control the disease.
Phenolic content and antioxidant activities of underutilized dioscorea yams in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Ramalingam, S.; Chandrasekara, G.A.P.
Many populations around the world consider yams as a component of the staple diet but, in Sri Lanka, yams especially those of the Dioscorea species are underutilized. Yams offer variety to the diet in addition to nutrients and non-nutrient bioactive components. They provide enormous health benefits such as antioxidative, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities attributed to bioactive constituents like phenolic compounds, and saponins among others. The aim of the present study was to investigate soluble phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities of fifteen yams belonging to Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea esculenta and Dioscorea bulbifera that are locally available in Sri Lanka. The soluble phenolic extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (DRSA), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), Reducing power (RP) and Ferrous ion chelating activity (FICA). Among the yams studied, Ledhantha (Dioscorea alata) showed the highest TPC (9.00±0.23 mg/g GAE) (p=0.001) whereas Hingurala (Dioscorea alata) (0.22±0.03 mg/g GAE) and Angiliala (Dioscorea alata) (0.37±0.02 mg/g GAE) (p=0.449) showed the least. Ledhantha (Dioscorea alata) showed the highest antioxidant activities as per DRSA (26.23±0.58 mg/g TE), TEAC (11.33±4.27 mg/g TE) and RP (19.06±0.08 mg/g AAE) whereas Jamburala (Dioscorea alata) showed the highest FICA (6.83±0.23 mg/g EE). Recognizing the health-promoting effects of these yams, as evidenced by their phenolic content and antioxidant activities, is crucial for advocating the optimal utilization of these currently underutilized yams varieties.
Evaluation of substrate colonization efficacy of mushroom-forming fungal isolates for developing mycelium-based biomaterials
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Dharmarathna, R.D.C.C.A.; De Costa, D.M.
Mycelium-based materials (MBM) have become a greener alternative to conventional synthetic material and a solution in waste management. MBMs are produced by growing the mushroom-forming fungi on different organic substrates. The present study evaluated the colonization efficacy of several local basidiomycete fungal isolates in vitro as well as on selected agricultural and industrial waste material to select best performing fungal isolates for biomaterial production. Basidiocarps of 14 mushroom-forming fungal isolates grown on decaying trees were collected from Uda Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. By culturing on PDA medium supplemented with Streptomycin (40 mg/L), pure cultures of only seven isolates (1, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 and 14) were obtained and four isolates were morphologically identified. Colony growth on PDA significantly differed among the isolates (P<0.0001) and isolates 12 (Polyporaceae betulinus) (⌀8.5cm/day) and 7 (unidentified) (⌀8.3cm/day) demonstrated the highest growth rate followed by isolates 8 (Lentinus giganteus Berk.) (⌀5.2cm/day), 10 (Polyporaceae (Hirtus) betulinus) (⌀3.2cm/day) and 1 (unidentified) (⌀3.0cm/day). Five isolates showing a higher in vitro growth rate were evaluated for their surface colonization efficacy on four different ratio combinations of substrates (i.e. saw dust, rice husk and an industrial material). Area of colonization on a given substrate was recorded and data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan grouping. Interaction effect of substrate and fungal isolate was highly significant on surface colonization (P<0.001). Industrial waste: saw dust at 1: 3 ratio was selected as the most suitable substrate to colonize the tested five fungal isolates. The highest surface colonization was given by isolate 12 (Polyporaceae betulinus) 37cm²/day, 27 cm²/day, 38cm²/day, 12.75 cm²/day on all substrate combinations. All five fungal isolates showed the highest colonization on 1:3 ratio of the industrial waste and saw dust. The findings are useful for the development of MBMs using the tested substrates and the fungal isolates.
Evaluation of the potentiality of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and kiri ala (Colocasia Esculenta) starches for the commercial production of boba pearls and assessment of their physicochemical properties
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Chathurani, H.K.; Samarakoon, E.R.J.; Marambage, M.D.M.
Traditional tapioca pearls which are made from cassava starch face limitations due to their high cyanide content, perishability, and elevated glycemic index. This study was aimed to address these limitations by assessing the potentiality of utilizing underutilized starches available in Sri Lanka for the commercial boba production by considering abundance, starch yield, and improved nutritional qualities. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and Kiri ala (Colocasia esculenta) starches were primarily explored due to their exceptional ability to fulfill the desired characteristics considered above. The study utilized five formulations: T (control – 100% tapioca), TS (35% tapioca + 65% sweet potato), TK (35% tapioca + 65% Kiri ala), TSK (35% tapioca + 35% sweet potato + 30% Kiri ala), and SK (55% sweet potato + 45% Kiri ala). Native starches and starch mixtures were evaluated for amylose content, color, pH, morphology, and functional properties. The pearls were assessed for cooking performance, sensory attributes, and texture profile analysis. Among the formulations, boba pearls produced from the TS treatment emerged as the most promising, exhibiting consumer acceptance similar to the control sample, with no significant difference in assessed attributes (color, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptance) (P>0.05) while demonstrating a lesser cooking time (1.37 min), lower cooking loss (3.56%), and higher water absorption percentage (53.99%). Additionally, they exhibited improved textural properties, notably reduced chewiness. Incorporating various starches significantly enhanced the cooking, textural, and sensory properties of the boba pearls. In the assessment functional properties, the TS starch mixture exhibited moderate Water Holding Capacity (WHC), solubility, and swelling power compared to others, with values reported as 1.61 ± 0.12 g H₂O g⁻¹ starch, 0.71 ± 0.35%, and 2.12 ± 0.10 g/g, respectively. In conclusion, this study underscores sweet potato starch as a valuable ingredient for improving the quality of boba pearls, resulting in better cooking performance and organoleptic properties.
Newly developed leaves of two pioneer seedling species; macaranga peltata and neolitsea cassia exhibit thermal acclimation of photosynthesis to increased average growth temperature
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Pathirana, P.B.G.; Weerasinghe, K.W.L.K.; Perera, S.A.C.N.
Photosynthesis is amongst the plant physiological processes that is highly sensitive to temperature. Hence understanding the photosynthetic potential to acclimate to rising temperatures is crucial for determining the fitness of a plant species to a given environment. Pioneer tree seedlings commonly used for the restoration of degraded lands often experience high temperature conditions; however, their ability to acclimate photosynthesis to rising temperatures remains poorly understood. Thus, in this study two pioneer seedling species, namely, Macaranga 222otmail (Kenda) and Neolitsea cassia (Dawul Kurundu), were established in two thermal environments: 24.5±0.1 °C and 28.0±0.2 °C, at field capacity (FC) for 6 months and newly developed fully expanded leaves were used to determine temperature response of light saturated net photosynthesis (Aₛₐₜ) at 20-35 °C leaf temperature range. Then using Aₛₐₜ-T curves, through a model fitting procedure optimum temperature (Tₒₚₜ) for photosynthesis under the two thermal environments was determined for each species. The results revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the optimal temperature for photosynthesis (Tₒₚₜ) when the average growth temperature was increased from 24.5±0.1 °C to 28.0±0.2 °C in both species. Further, Aₛₐₜ of M. 222otmail at Tₒₚₜ significantly increased (p<0.05), with rising average temperature in the growth environment, while it remained unchanged in N. cassia. Furthermore, the Leaf Mass per Area (LMA) of both species did not show a significant increase under the rising growth temperature. These findings demonstrate that seedlings of both N. cassia and M. 222otmail can successfully acclimate their leaf photosynthesis to increased average growth temperatures hence using both these species with high temperature optima can increase the success rate of reforestation and habitat restoration efforts.
Identify the barriers to reduce the life cycle cost of green buildings in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Rajasekara, C.V.; De Silva, B.H.C.D.; Kawmudhi, W.N.
The implementation of green construction is being spearheaded by the global building sector as society shifts toward greater sustainability. The building industry can expand despite Sri Lanka's current energy and financial crises because to green building concepts. A building's Life Cycle Cost (LCC), which includes cost features for replacement, operations, maintenance, and demolition, should be considered. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to identify the barriers to reduce the LCC and provide strategies for reducing that component's impact to further limit LCC. To achieve this main objective this study used qualitative method as the research design. As qualitative research to collect data semi structured interviews were used with the constructional professionals in Sri Lanka. Four different data analyzing methods for qualitative research including thematic analysis, manual content analysis, PRISMA, and literature surveys. For this research to analyzed data manual content analysis was used. Purposive sampling was used as the sample and professional Quantity surveyors, Engineers, Project managers, Architects and Contractors were used as the sample of this research. Finally, this research achieved the main objective of this research and found the barriers to reduce the LCC in a green building and mitigating methods to those barriers. And this study identified 10 barriers and among those barriers the high initial cost as the most affected barrier to minimization of the LCC in A Green Building. To overcome these barriers in this research found 8 mitigating methods and among that giving education and awareness about the Green Buildings was the most suitable way to mitigate those barriers. Finally, this research identified as future research implementation of BIM- related software to minimize the LCC on GB, implement smart technologies for optimizing occupant comfort in green buildings, can be developed.
Impact of heat moisture treatment on morphology and physicochemical properties of starches from kiri ala (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), hulankeeriya (Maranta arundinacea) and buthsarana (Canna indica) grown in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Kaduruwana, D.R.; Samarakoon, E.R.J.; Jayasekara, J.M.C.M.; Madumali, P.K.J.H.
Roots and tubers have the potential to be used as an alternative source of carbohydrates due to their high starch content, with selected starches being significant for food security and industrial applications. In this study, starch was extracted from three underutilized root and tuber crops: Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Maranta arundinacea and Canna indica and those starches were modified and evaluated for their morphology and physicochemical properties in both native and modified forms. Heat moisture treatment as the physical modification, was conducted at moisture levels of 18% and 24%, temperatures of 100 ⁰C and 120 ⁰C for 4 to 6 hours. The granular morphology remained unchanged after HMT, although some granules exhibited rough surfaces. Modified buthsarana starch showed lower L* values (lightness) compared to other two types. The ΔE values of starch after modification from kiri ala, hulankeeriya and buthsarana were ranged in between 6.38-10.51, 7.90-8.16 and 12.61-16.05, respectively. Bulk density was decreased in all starches, while water holding capacity was increased in modified starches except 24%, 4h, 100 ⁰C and 24%, 6h, 100 ⁰C treatments in kiri ala compared to their native counterparts. Swelling power increased with temperature in both native and modified starches, with native starches showing higher values at higher temperatures compared to modified starches. Maximum water solubility was observed at 70 ⁰C and 80 ⁰C in modified kiri ala and hulankeeriya starches. Transparency increased after the modification in both kiri ala and hulankeeriya indicating reduced retrogradation. These findings highlight the potential of HMT to modify the physicochemical characteristics of starches from selected underutilized crops.
Impact of supply chain capabilities on operational performance with the mediation effect of technological innovation in the manufacturing industry of Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Marasingha, M.A.K.T.; Abeysundera, P.H.
Supply chain capabilities are essential to Sri Lanka's manufacturing sector as they optimize operational efficiency, minimize costs and ensure on-time delivery of goods, contributing to competitive advantage and customer satisfaction. Effective supply chain management enhances resilience, responsiveness and adaptability, enabling manufacturers to navigate uncertainties, mitigate risks and capitalize on opportunities in Sri Lanka's dynamic market. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of Supply Chain Capabilities on Operational Performance with The Mediation Effect of Technological Innovation in The Manufacturing Industry of Sri Lanka. This study underpins the resource-based view and the core competency theory. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. The study sample included 79 manufacturing organizations in Sri Lanka. These organizations adopted supply chain capabilities such as information exchange, activity integration, coordination, and responsiveness. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of SmartPLS was used for data analysis. The study's findings emphasize a strong positive correlation between the implementation of supply chain capabilities and operational performance, further the findings highlighted the significant mediating effect of technological innovation in enhancing this relationship. The primary objective of the study is to address operational performance improvement within the manufacturing industry through targeted improvements in both supply chain capabilities and technological innovation, thereby creating greater efficiency, resilience and competitiveness in the marketplace. The study aims to improve the operational performance of the manufacturing sector by improving technological innovation and understanding supply chain capabilities. Its insights are valuable to academics and provide practical guidance to middle and lower-level management, fostering informed decision-making and strategic improvements in industry practices.
Improvement of drainage efficiency of the most contributed catchment of Mahaiyawa tunnel drainage canal, Kandy
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Abeykoon, G.A.M.H.K; Dunukara, D.M.N.D; Gunawardana, C.T.K
The study employed the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) to assess the impact of implementing best management practices (BMPs) in an upstream mountainous catchment, aiming to decrease peak flow rates and prevent downstream flooding in the Mahiyawa Tunnel area in Kandy, Sri Lanka. The entire catchment leading to the Mahaiyawa tunnel Drainage canal comprises four primary sections, each delineating distinct drainage paths from Udawatta Kale, Asgiriya, Old Matale Road, and Welikanda. The research specifically focused on the Udawatta Kale sub-catchment, which constitutes 42% of the area. Data collected during field visits facilitated the development of the SWMM model, incorporating spatial coordinates, average slope, invert level elevations, canal cross-section dimensions, and precipitation time series data. After thorough analysis, it was discovered that the selected sub-catchment consisted of two outlets. A carefully considered drainage channel with a consistent section and significant upper catchment coverage was selected for calibration during the conducted field visits. Field measurements were used for calibration, including velocity and water depth in a conduit near Outfall 1, along with rainfall data from the Udawatta Kale rain gauge. After comparing the measured values with the model outputs, modifications were made to various parameters such as roughness values, slopes, widths, and infiltration characteristics so that the results showed good agreement with the relative error remaining under less than 10%. The validated model was then utilized to explore the impact of various Best Management Practices (BMPs) on the considered catchment under ten different scenarios. As a result, detention ponds emerged as the most effective solution to improve drainage paths, indicating a significant reduction of 40% in peak flow according to the model output.
Knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards telemedicine among patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in two distant clinics and the national hospital Kandy
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Keerthisinghe, M.C.M.; Atapattu, A.M.M.P.; Nanayakkara, N.
Introduction: Telemedicine combines information and communication technology with healthcare. Although telemedicine is new to Sri Lanka, developed countries around the world are experiencing its benefits. Patients who are on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are ideal to establish telemedicine due to implications such as non-institutional care, patient independence, and the routine nature of evaluation. This study aimed to identify the level of knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards telemedicine among patients with CAPD in two distant clinics and the National Hospital, Kandy. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted among 139 patients with CAPD who were attending the CAPD satellite clinics in Giradurukotte, Wilgamuwa, and the National Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Data were collected using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire designed based on an extensive literature search and the opinions of experts in renal medicine. SPSS version 26 was used to analyse the data. Results: The mean sum of scores for the knowledge, awareness, and attitude assessment questionnaires were 7.17 ± 2.25, 7.16 ± 4.16, and 40.85 ± 3.59, respectively. The majority of participants (50.4%) had good knowledge about telemedicine, 90.6% had poor awareness, and the majority (66.9%) had moderate attitudes towards telemedicine. No participant exhibited a poor attitude level. Out of 139 patients, 15 (10.8%) had personal experience with telemedicine services. Avoidance of transport, convenience, and effectiveness in laboratory results assessment were the main advantages of telemedicine, while financing for instruments and technical issues were the main barriers. Participant education status and residential area were significantly associated with knowledge levels. Higher education was linked with increased participant awareness of telemedicine. Conclusion: Although the awareness of the study participants towards telemedicine was poor, they had a good level of knowledge and a moderate level of attitudes towards telemedicine. Awareness programmes about telemedicine to improve their awareness should be needed.
Mix optimization of blended mortar containing rice husk ash (RHA)
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Harischandra, G.D.R.I.; Fernando, K.J.L.; Samarajeewa, P.H.; Buddika, H.A.D.S; Yapa, H.D.
Global infrastructure development and urbanisation drive demand for cement- related mixtures and concrete. Alternative solutions must be investigated due to the high cost of cement manufacture and its environmental impact. Using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is a viable way to deal with these issues. Through hydration, pozzolanic reactions, or other processes, SCMs can reduce carbon footprint while maintaining or even improving the characteristics of concrete. This study investigates the possibility of adopting rice husk ash (RHA) as an SCM and the challenges associated with its use. RHA, a byproduct of rice production, is proven to be an excellent pozzolanic material. However, due to the lack of technical knowledge and other challenges, Rice husk is often discarded as only a waste. The literature suggests that in mortar production 10-20% replacement percentages of RHA are optimum. Our study examines the viability of substituting RHA (5%-30%) for various percentages in cement mortar and assesses the effects of this substitution on properties such as compressive strength, workability, and durability. According to the literature and our experiments, with the increment of RHA percentages in cement mortar, a gradual decrease in workability was observed. This is due to the porous nature and larger surface area in RHA. However, this can be addressed through various methods, such as using admixtures (superplasticisers) or by adding additional water. With the addition of extra water, there were no substantial reduction observed for the compressive strengths. It can be shown that 15% RHA can be considered as the optimum percentage of cement replacement, considering the compressive strength and its consistency. Furthermore, the variation of fresh and hardened properties of the 15% RHA mix was evaluated with varying water/binder ratios. Further studies on the durability aspects of concrete containing RHA are currently ongoing at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya.
Molecular detection of megalocytivirus in live bearing tropical fresh water ornamental fish
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Gunasena, M.R.M.; Ananda, K.L.N.; Kalupahana, A.W.; de S. Jagoda, S.S.S.
The global ornamental fish industry, valued at over $10 billion annually, heavily depends on vibrant captive-bred freshwater species as popular aquatic pets. Sri Lanka has emerged as a leading hub for ornamental fish farming and exports; however, disease outbreaks pose significant threats to the industry. Megalocytivirus, a member of the Iridoviridae family, causes widespread mortality in both marine and freshwater ornamental fish, especially in Asian regions. Despite documented cases of Megalocytivirus infection in ornamental fish cultured in Sri Lanka and exported to Australia, its impact on live-bearing ornamental fish within Sri Lanka remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of Megalocytivirus in live-bearing freshwater ornamental fish species in the Western Province (WP) of Sri Lanka. A comprehensive survey collected 144 live-bearing freshwater ornamental fish, including guppies, platys, swordtails, and mollies, with two specimens from each species obtained from 18 aquaria within the WP. Gill samples pooled from each aquarium underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using universal primers targeting all Megalocytiviruses. Surprisingly, none of the collected samples showed amplification of the expected 777 bp target, indicating either a low viral load or absence of active infections during sampling. Possible contributing factors to these findings include seasonal fluctuations, inhibitory substances, or genetic variability affecting primer binding efficiency. The study's limitations, such as its modest sample size and brief duration, highlight the need for future investigations with larger samples and extended study periods to enhance statistical robustness and generalizability. The absence of Megalocytivirus in apparently healthy ornamental fish populations presents optimistic prospects for the industry's sustainability and trade. Nonetheless, integrating alternative detection methods alongside PCR could yield a more comprehensive understanding of Megalocytivirus prevalence, enabling the development of more effective disease management and prevention strategies to ensure the long-term health and viability of the ornamental fish sector.
Moragahakanda resettlement program with small tank system and its impact on regional land use: a Gis based geospatial analysis
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Fernando, R.M.; Perera, M.P.
Resettlement programs have a significant impact on land use changes in an area. The Moragahakanda resettlement program in Sri Lanka is connected with a newly established tank system to fulfill the resettlement policy requirements relevant to the regional livelihood system. Accordingly, 13 small tanks were constructed by changing the original landscape of the region. So, the current study focused on investigating the impacts of this newly constructed small tank system under the Moragahakanda resettlement program on entire land use. To achieve this objective, GIS-based geospatial analysis was used to find the land use changes. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and direct field observations. As secondary data sources, Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite images were used for land-use classification using supervised classification techniques. Accuracy assessment was completed using a confusion matrix, Google earth and ArcGIS. The findings of this study showed that there have been significant land use changes between 2009 and 2024. The analysis revealed a decrease in forest cover from 62% to 51%, as well as a decrease in grassland and scrubland uses due to reforestation programs and perennial crop development by 6%, were also identified. The Chena land decline coincides with the significant expansion of the resettlement area and agricultural lands by 12%. The construction of 13 new small tanks and irrigation canals, under the resettlement project appears to have contributed to an increase in water bodies by 4%. Further, 13% increase in built-up areas during this period. The observed land use changes may have both positive and negative impacts on the environment, livelihoods, and overall sustainability of the region. The growth of built-up areas and road networks has led to habitat fragmentation and increased pressure on natural resources. However, increased water bodies enhanced water security and groundwater availability, with the increase of seasonal and perennial crop production.
Optimization of railway transit operations through the implementation of an enterprise resource planning (Erp) system: automating concessionary pass (season ticket) issuance in the Sri Lankan railway network
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Siriwardhana, S.M.P.S.; Wickramasinghe, B.M.G.S.T.S.K.
Lack of efficiency and integrity in the season ticket issuing process of Sri Lanka has been a crucial problem for years as most of the daily train travelers use season tickets. Efficient and reliable season ticket issuance is imperative for the Sri Lankan Railway to meet the needs of daily commuters and to improve operational effectiveness. This study proposes the development and implementation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system to automate the season ticket issuing process, addressing the current inefficiencies and integrity issues prevalent in the manual system. The study will begin with a comprehensive analysis of the current season ticket issuing process, with the identified bottlenecks and areas for improvement. Based on the findings, the ERP system will be developed using agile methodology for iterative development, database management systems for data storage, and web technologies for User Interface (UI) design by incorporating features such as online application submission, digital document management, and automated billing for government departments. Moreover, the ERP system's frontend components will be built using React.js by November to provide a rich and responsive user experience. The database will be created using Firebase and allow data to be stored and synchronized in real time. Selenium will be used for automated testing, specifically UI testing across several browsers and devices. The implementation of the ERP system is expected to significantly enhance the efficiency and integrity of the season ticket issuing process including reduced waiting times and streamlined application procedures. Moreover, the automated billing system will minimize errors and ensure accurate accounting for government departments. Railway staff should be trained through workshops to make them technically savvier to operate the system. During the pilot deployment period, beta users faced some challenges in admitting the system and proper guidance and training avoided such challenges.
Nasal colonization of Staphylococcus Aureus and Streptococcus Pneumoniae in preschool children attending selected immunization clinics, Kandy, Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Handapangoda, H.M.N.P.; Ruwansiri, L.P.A.L.P.; Dissanayake, U.P.R.U.; Kudagammana, S.T.; Dissanayake, B.N.; Liyanapathirana, L.V.C.
Staphylococcus aureus colonization is quite common in children in Sri Lanka. Pneumococcal carriage is a prerequisite for pneumococcal disease. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of nasal carriage of S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in preschool children. Both anterior nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) were collected from 375 children between 2 to 5 years, attending immunization clinics at Teaching Hospital Peradeniya and Yatinuwara MOH area during June 2023-January 2024. Nasal swabs were enriched in 6.5% NaCl and NPS were stored at -80 oC. S. aureus and S. pneumoniae were isolated using conventional microbiological testing. The study group had a median age of 54 months (IQR: 36-60), with 188 (50.1%) males and 187 (49.9%) females. Among 375 participants, 101 (26.9%) were colonized with S. aureus, 73 (19.5%) with S.pneumoniae and 21 (5.6%) with both. Of these, 52 (13.9%) carried only S.pneumoniae and 80 (21.3%) carried only S.aureus. Kindergarten attendance (OR=1.92, 95% CI=1.13-3.27), smokers at home (OR=1.85, 95% CI=1.04-3.30), having recent upper respiratory tract infections – (URTI) (OR=16.39, 95% CI=2.23-120.47), family members with URTI (OR=1.83, 95% CI=1.09-3.08) were significantly associated with pneumococcal colonization. No significant associations were found with S.aureus colonization. The median age was significantly different between co-colonized (60 months, IQR: 52.5-60) and non-co-colonized children (48 months, IQR: 36-60) (p=0.017). The median weight differed significantly between co-colonized (15.000kg, IQR: 12.450-16.475) and non-co-colonized children (13.200kg, IQR: 11.690-15.100) (p=0.021). Kindergarten attendance (OR=4.016, 95% CI=1.33-12.18) was significantly associated with co-colonization. No significant association found between S.aureus and pneumococci colonization (p=0.694). As a conclusion, S.aureus and S.pneumoniae colonization rates are considerably higher among children aged between 2 to 5 years. Kindergarten attendance is a significantly associated factor for S.aureus and S.pneumoniae co-colonization.

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