iPURSE 2024

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/20.500.14444/5274

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Development of a device to measure peak expiratory flow rate and peak inspiratory flow rate during manual hyperventilation
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Liyanage, I.P.; Rathnayake, S.; Jayasinghe, A.; Liyanage, E.; Anuradha, R.P.H.; Dassanayaka, D.A.R.K.; Malwanage, K.T.; Manchanayeka, M.M.J.P.; Wadugodapitiya, S.I.; Rikas, A.M.M.; Mayooran, S.
Manual Hyperinflation (MHI) is a technique used to hyperinflate the lungs and remove secretion in mechanically intubated patients. The two-phase gas-liquid exchange theory states that the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) should be 10% more than the peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR). It is reported that even after demonstrating the correct technique many physiotherapists often performed the technique in a manner that did not assist secretion removal. Any type of feedback offers insights into the results and performance during task execution, aiming to minimise errors and assist in attaining objectives. Hence it can be hypothesised that visual feedback of PEFR and PIFR will enable physiotherapists to change their technique such that it facilitates secretion clearance. This study aimed to design and develop a device to measure PEFR and PIFR with real-time visual feedback during the application of MHI in a laboratory setting. The device is equipped with two air pressure sensors, model HX710B, which were modified to measure the airflow rates. The device is connected to the MHI instrument. The input from two sensors was processed using an Arduino UNO microcontroller device. A simple application was developed to visualise the two outputs of PEFR and PIFR with a dual line graph. The PEFR and PIFR were measured when the patient connector was kept open for one selected Manual Hyperventilation unit. No significant expiratory flow rate was observed compared to the electronic and device noise of the developed device. However, the device should be calibrated and validated to be utilised in a training environment where feedback will assist in modifying the procedure for better results.
Development of the sinhalese version of general rehabilitation adherence scale (GRAS-Sin)
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Liyanage, I.P.; Dassanayaka, D.A.R.K.; Rathnayake, S.; Liyanage, E.; Ishara, H.K.M.; Samaranayaka, S.R.M.W.M.
The success of physiotherapy treatment is partly based on the patient’s adherence to the programme. Non-adherence may result in increased healthcare costs and poor recovery. Therefore, measuring adherence to remove barriers and facilitate adherence is important. No validated tool exists to measure adherence to physiotherapy treatment among Sinhala- speaking patients in Sri Lanka. This study aimed to develop a Sinhalese version of the General Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (GRAS-Sin). In the first phase, the original version was translated and culturally adapted to the Sinhala language. During the second phase, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 patients. We evaluated psychometric properties in patients seeking physiotherapy for musculoskeletal problems at the National Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka, and Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. The present study comprised 143 female (71.5%) and 57 male (28.5%) participants. The majority of the patients (54.5%) adhered to physiotherapy treatments with high levels (20-24 of total score out of 24) of compliance. The relationship between treatment adherence and gender was significant (X² =17.46, p =0.001), whereas age, employment status, educational level, and economic status were not significant. The content validity index of the scale was 0.89. There was an acceptable level of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha =0.82) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient= 0.907, p=0.000). Sampling adequacy was satisfactory (KMO =0.755, Bartlett’s test p-value <0.05). Construct validity was measured using exploratory factor analysis that revealed a 3-factor model with a 73.4% variance. Incremental fit indices; normed fit index, comparative fit index and Tucker Lewis index, were reported > 0.95 while an absolute fit index of root mean square of error of approximation was 0.065. These values indicated a good model fit. No floor and 27% ceiling effects were found. GRAS-Sin is a valid and reliable tool to assess physiotherapy treatment adherence among Sinhala-speaking patients following physiotherapy management in Sri Lanka.
Effect of vinegar as a natural disinfectant: an in-vitro study done for planktonic escherichia coli
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Subhasinghe, S.A.J.N.; Nanayakkara, N.W.H.C.R.; Karunarathne, T.; Subhasinghe, S.A.I.C.; Kotawatta, K.S.A.
Disinfectants are well known for eliminating microorganisms from surfaces and transmission media, which are important in maintaining ecological health and human safety. Despite the decreased effectiveness of commercially available chemical disinfectants, the emergence of disinfectant resistance has grown to be a serious threat to the safety of life and health. Thus, addressing disinfectant resistance necessitates thorough innovations prompting many countries to explore natural products such as grapes, dates and apple vinegar. Hence, this study focuses on cost-effective coconut vinegar, widely available in Sri Lanka. E. coli, isolated from biofilms associated with poultry, was used for the in vitro study where ATCC E. coli was used as the positive control. First, the isolates were confirmed as E. coli by PCR using 16s rRNA gene-specific primers which were then exposed to grow in a series of concentrations of commercially available vinegar (0.25% - 4%) and ampicillin (3.125 μl/ml – 6400 μl/ml) in 96 well plates at planktonic state using standard protocols to detect minimum inhibitory concentrations of vinegar and ampicillin. E. coli growth was observed through a plate reader under 570 nm wavelengths. Ampicillin treatment on ATCC E. coli 25922 was the control to assess test accuracy. The experiments were independently repeated using three different bacterial broths from the same sample. As CLSI recommended the quality control strain E. coli, 25922 gave the inhibitory concentrations as 2-8 mg/ml of ampicillin, confirming the test’s validity. For vinegar, 90% of planktonic E. coli growth reduction was observed (92% reduction in positive control) at a 2% concentration of coconut vinegar use indicating the efficacy of vinegar to work as a natural disinfectant. The study is expanding to detect the effectiveness of different vinegar products on planktonic and biofilm E. coli to further confirm vinegar as a cost- effective remedy for commercial disinfectants and disinfectant resistance.
Effectiveness of dharma therapy on psychological distress among adult cancer patients in North Central province of Sri Lanka: a mixed methods study
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Gunalankara, G.; Gamage, G.P.; Priyadarshana, W.
Cancer presents complex multifaceted physical and psychological issues. Research indicates that reducing Psychological Distress (PD) is as crucial as medical treatment for cancer patients. This study investigated the effectiveness of a Buddhist principles-based intervention, Dharma Therapy Intervention (DTI), developed by Sik Hin Hung, in reducing PD among cancer patients in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. A mixed-methods design was used, consisting quasi-experimental nonequivalent groups and qualitative analysis of diary entries from participants. Forty participants, selected based on pre-determined criteria, were randomly allocated to intervention and non- intervention groups. PD was measured at pre-intervention and two post-interventionstages. Measurements included a demographic questionnaire, GHQ-30 Sinhala version for PD, and a Daily Record Book for qualitative data. The DTI comprised five individual counselling sessions and daily mindfulness practice. Data were analysed using IBM-SPSS-25 and thematic analysis. At the pre-intervention, ninety- five percent of the participants reported severe PD. Post-intervention statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in PD for the intervention group which received DTI (t (19) = 7.43, p < .001, two tailed, d = 1.96). Therefore, the effectiveness of DTI in reducing PD was noted at comparison levels of PD reported by non-intervention group (t (38) = 9.82, p < .001, two tailed, d = 3.1). Qualitative analysis revealed four positive themes; changes in attitudes about life and death, learning to regulate emotions, changes to behavioural patterns, and acquiring new knowledge. In conclusion, DTI of Sik Hin Hung showed significant impact on reducing PD among cancer patients in the study and was deemed as feasible intervention for Sri Lankan context, with relevant adaptable modifications for population characteristics. Future research with a 98andomized controlled design is proposed to verify these findings.
Enhancing government hospital resource management through smart technologies: a survey of healthcare professionals in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Ariyarathna, Uwin; Piyarathne, Nadisha; Jayasinghe, Upul; Krishnapradeep, S.; Usoof, Hakim
Inefficiency in resource management is a significant challenge in Sri Lankan hospitals. Novel technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, Machine Learning, and Smart Systems have the potential to decrease this; An approach yet to be introduced to the local settings. This survey aimed to assess the need and identify research gaps to enhance resource management in Sri Lankan hospitals using smart technologies. An e-survey was conducted among 59 healthcare professionals, 93.2% working in Government Hospitals. Of the respondents, 35.6% were based in National Hospitals, 30.5% in Teaching Hospitals, 11.9% in Divisional Hospitals, 10.2% in District General Hospitals, 6.9% in Base Hospitals, 1.7% in Provincial General Hospitals and 3.4% in other government Hospitals. Among these professionals, 47.5% were doctors, 28.8% were consultants, and 22% were consultant trainees. A substantial majority, 98.3%, perceived current resource management as inefficient. However, 78% believed that smart technology could improve efficiency, 11.9% were unaware, and 10.2% disagreed. Types of resources inefficiently managed were identified as human resources, medication, consumables, equipment, investigations, spaces, vehicles, electricity, water, food, ward beds, surgical theaters, and ICU facilities. Suggested improvements focus on the development of an updated patient record database, a dynamic resource allocation system for staff, theaters, medications, and consumables that adjusts based on workload, and enhanced tracking systems for medical investigations. Additionally, it recommends a sophisticated stock management systems that automatically reorder medications by analyzing usage patterns, regular maintenance schedules for medical equipment, and the implementation of electronic systems for patient referrals, remote monitoring, outpatient appointments, and clinic management, as well as systems for analyzing trends in hospital admissions. In conclusion, the survey reveals a significant need for integrating smart technologies into Sri Lankan government hospital resource management, suggesting that such advancements could revolutionize the current healthcare system by enhancing efficiency and effectiveness.
Evaluation of cephalic index and facial index in a Sri Lankan population
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Bandaranayake, B.M.P.; Hettiarachchi, S.M.; Ihalagedara, D.D.; Abeysundara, R.G.A.P.; Dissanayake, M.; Nandasena, B.G.T.L.; Bannaheka, B.M.H.S.K.; Arambawatta, A.K.S.
Standardized data regarding Cephalic Index (CI) and Facial Index (FI) measurements within a specific population is essential for determining racial and gender differences in both anthropological and clinical settings. The objective of this research was to evaluate the CI and FI among a representative sample of a Sri Lankan population, as there has been a lack of assessment regarding CI and FI in this population. This study examines CI and FI values in a cohort of 623 healthy young individuals representing various ethnicities and different provinces in Sri Lanka, comprising 250 males and 373 females aged 18-30 years. The ethnicity was confirmed by three generation pedigree and the province was selected according to the period of residence in the district. Standard anthropometric measurements were employed to determine CI and FI. Highly significant associations were found between CI and sex (P=0), ethnic group (P=0.0047) and the province (P=0). Mean CI of the population is calculated as 82.41±4.24. Mean CI of males and females were calculated as 81.68±4.25 and 82.90±4.18 respectively. The highest mean CI was found in Muslim females (86.17±3.15). Meanwhile, the highest mean CI (84.28±4.23) was found in Sabaragamuwa province. Factors such as sex (P=0) and province (P=0) were significantly associated with FI. However, there was not any significant association between the ethnicity and the FI (P=0). Mean FI of the population was calculated as 89.44±8.65. Mean FI of males and females were calculated as 91.79±8.83 and 87.87±8.16 respectively. The highest mean FI was found in Muslim males (95.20±3.96). Meanwhile the highest mean FI (92.66±9.84) was found in Central province. This study provides foundational data for defining CI and FI measurements to a representative sample of a Sri Lankan population, offering valuable insights for anthropological research, and facilitating in clinical setting and treatment planning for adults in Sri Lanka.
Evaluation of larvicidal properties of aqueous extracts of papaya leaf, fruit peel and seed against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Dilshan, D.N.B.C.; Jayasooriya, G.A.J.S.K.; Bandara, H.M.S.K.H.
Dengue Fever (DF) is an infection caused by the dengue virus, which is still a public health problem in Sri Lanka. Resistant populations have been produced by chemical insecticides such as larvicides used to control Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Higher dosages are therefore required, which naturally have harmful impacts on people, animals, and the environment. To combat insects as pests and vectors, researchers have thus turned their focus to naturally occurring plant-based compounds with insecticidal qualities. Because of its nutritional and medicinal significance, the papaya (Carica papaya), an herbaceous fruit crop in the Caricaceae family, has gained attention among academics. Therefore, the study was aimed to determine the larvicidal efficacy of aqueous extracts of papaya leaf, seed, and peel against A. aegypti and A. albopictus. For that aqueous extracts of leaf, seed and peel of C. papaya were prepared with distilled water and they were freeze dried. Obtained extracts were subjected to larvicidal assay and the results showed that the seed and peel extracts have a higher larvicidal activity against A. aegypti than leaf extracts with LC₉₀ at 1023.29 ppm and 954.99 ppm respectively. Also, the aqueous extracts were checked for Lethal Time (LT90) and results obtained for seed and peel were 48.97 hr and 50.11 hr respectively. The results showed that papaya seed and peel extracts were effective in killing larvae of A. albopictus with Lethal Concentration (LC90) 794.32 ppm and 870.96 ppm and Lethal Time resulted were (LT90) at 42.65 hr and 47.86 hr respectively. Therefore, the utilization of C. papaya seed and peel aqueous extracts as environmental friendly vector control agent, particularly for A. aegypti and A. albopictus, can be considered as one of the potential sources for isolation of new larvicidal agents.
Evaluation of physicochemical properties of extracted mucilages and powders from three selected plants in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Athukorala, N.U.N.; Gajadeera, G.A.D.Y.; Masimbula, M.V.H.W.; Amarasinghe, W.K.; Hemage, H.N.K.; Wickramarathne, D.B.M.; De Silva, H.H.V.K.N.
As natural mucilages are non-toxic, inexpensive and stable, this study evaluated the physicochemical properties of mucilages and powders extracted from fruits of Dillenia retusa (DR), leaves of Aloe vera (AV) and Neolitsea cassia (NC) with the aim of analyzing the gelling property to develop as pharmaceutical excipient. The physicochemical properties such as solubility, pH, colour, texture, loss on drying, swelling index and density were assessed for extracted mucilages, and freeze-dried powders. Both DR extracts dissolved readily in water at room temperature and 45 °C, but less soluble in organic solvents. Mucilage and powder observed pH 4.6 - 4.2 and pH 4.8 - 4.1 over 70 days, with light brown and dark brown colours along with 98.0% and 97.1% of loss on drying respectively with medium swelling index (10.0%). Bulk density, tapped density, and bulkiness of powders were 0.2 g/ml, 0.3 g/ml, and 5.0 ml/g. The solubility of DR and AV were comparable. AV mucilage and powder observed pH 3.7–3.3 and pH 4.1–3.4 over 70 days, with slightly yellow and dark yellow colours respectively with lowest swelling index (4.0%) along with 99.7 % and 99.0% loss on drying for powder and mucilage respectively. Its tapped density (0.09 g/ml) was the lowest, while bulkiness (7.1 ml/g) was the highest. NC mucilage dissolved in organic solvents, while powders displayed similar solubility in water at both temperatures but not in organic solvents. NC mucilage and powder observed pH 5.8 - 5.1 and pH 6.2 - 5.1 over 70 days with dark green and light green colours respectively along with 90.6% and 96.2% loss of drying respectively with highest swelling index (11%). According to results, slight variations in physicochemical properties were observed in mucilages and powders. Both mucilages and powders had suitable solubility, density, swelling index, pH and organoleptic properties to develop as an excipient and these plant materials will be considered for further analysis of gelling property.
Evidence-based antidiabetic effectiveness of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon)
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Jayasekara, H.S.; Samarakoon, S.M.D.R.; Kothalawala, S.; Weerasekara, N.K.
The alarming rise in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) underscores the urgency for innovative approaches. While pharmaceuticals often entail chronic usage with associated adverse effects, nutraceuticals offer a promising alternative by potentially mitigating these effects. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon), is popular due to its dual role as both a flavorful spice and the potential health benefits. However, the evidence-based reviews on the beneficial effects of C. zeylanicum on T2DM are limited. Thus, the current study aimed to review the antidiabetic potential of C. zeylanicum in T2DM patients by conducting a systematic review. Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase were used as the main search engines. PRISMA-2020 guidelines were used to select primary papers between 2011 – 2024. Out of a total of 20,000 initial articles, only eight primary articles met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. All the selected studies have used powdered C. zeylanicum bark as the intervention. Sample sizes of the primary studies included in the review ranged from 25 to 210 T2DM patients. The duration of the studies varied, ranging from 8 to 16 weeks, with doses ranging from 1g/day to 3g/day. In all selected studies effectiveness was tested using fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Out of eight studies, six showed that T2DM patients who received C. zeylanicum showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in fasting blood glucose compared to the control group. Also, there was a clear reduction in HbA1c % (p<0.05) in T2DM patients compared to those who received a placebo. The available evidence suggests that chronic use of C. zeylanicum positively affects glycemic control in patients with T2DM. However, there are limitations in comparing published data due to concerns about the quality and heterogeneity of the studies, including variability in doses and administration forms. Consequently, more conclusive evidence is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of chronic cinnamon use and to compare the acute effects with chronic use.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of fruit pulp mixed toxic sugar baits against adult Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) In the laboratory
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Kulathunga, P.G.I.S.; Jayasooriya, G.A.J.S.K.; Harshani, H.B.C.
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector for dengue, a severe viral disease. Current vector control methods often fail to effectively reduce Ae. aegypti populations and control dengue transmission. Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) offer a promising “attract and kill” strategy for mosquito control. This study developed and evaluated an ATSB formulation comprising fruit juice, sugar, and boric acid against male and female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The formulation included boric acid (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%), 10% sucrose, and 3% blue dye. Lethal concentration (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) values by “Probit Analysis” for boric acid within 24 and 48 hours were determined. For females (25), 24-hour LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were 1.30% and 2.40%, with 48-hour values of 0.86% and 1.64%. For males (25), 24-hour LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were 0.88% and 1.39%, with 48-hour values of 0.67% and 1.11%. Bioassays were performed with three replicates, repeated three times with different mosquito generations under controlled laboratory conditions (24±2°C, 70±10% RH, and a 12L:12D photoperiod). Choice tests in a 30x30x30cm cloth cage with 25 males and 25 females assessed the attraction index of three fruit juice-based ATSBs: “Kilo guava”, “Karathakolomban mango”, and “Mauritius pineapple”. Pineapple juice- ASB exhibited the highest attraction index and was selected for further evaluation. The pineapple juice-ASB, augmented with 4% boric acid, induced 90% mortality within 24 hours and 100% within 48 hours of exposure to Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. These findings highlight the efficacy of the pineapple juice-ASB with boric acid as a promising method for Ae. aegypti control in dengue-endemic regions, offering an innovative approach to vector management.
Examination timetable scheduling based on quadratic assignment problem
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Priyanka, P.A.I.M.; Palamakumbura, G.W.R.M.R.
Timetable scheduling is crucial for the efficient functioning of any institute. The type of timetable varies according to institutional requirements, with many factors to consider for creating an effective schedule. In particular, the examination timetable plays a pivotal role in the smooth operation of an academic institution. Consequently, the examination-timetabling problem is an active research area with various methods in literature, and new approaches continually emerging to meet diverse institutional needs. In this study, scheduling the examination timetable is formulated as a quadratic assignment problem. By considering both hard and soft constraints and assigning weights to courses based on student enrolment, an algorithm is proposed using the branch and bound technique—an effective method for such problems. Given that the number of exams may exceed the available time slots, the objective function prioritizes satisfying hard constraints to minimize conflicts. As a real-world application, the proposed algorithm was implemented to prepare the end-of-semester examination timetable for the Faculty of Applied Sciences at Wayamba University, Sri Lanka, using data from the university's 2010/2011 academic year handbook. The implementation involved 309 students and 39 courses. The generated timetable successfully met all hard constraints and most soft constraints. During the process, two key matrices were introduced: a course conflict matrix to prevent conflicts among courses with shared students, and a time slot matrix to minimize simultaneous exams for each student and ensure sufficient intervals between exams. These matrices, being Boolean, facilitate efficient implementation for larger numbers of courses with minimal computational cost.
Examining the coping strategies of parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders amidst negative attitudes of society
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Azari, F.S.; Balachandran, V.
Neurodevelopmental disabilities are any physical or mental conditions that may limit a child’s capacity to develop cognitively, physically, and emotionally in comparison to other children. Raising a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder can be challenging, but with effective coping mechanisms, parents can maintain their well-being and overcome the difficulties. This study focuses on the coping strategies of parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders amidst the negative attitudes of society in Sri Lanka. For this purpose, the current study used semi-structured interviews to gather qualitative data from ten parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders using the snowball sampling method. The results revealed that parents faced negative societal attitudes and used various coping strategies. Acceptance was powerful in managing a parent’s life challenges and stressors. Social support helped parents handle stress and emotions significantly, providing resources and support. In addition, spiritual support was a successful coping method, as spiritual beliefs and practices could provide comfort, strength, and a sense of purpose during tough times. However, a small number of parents used maladaptive coping strategies, claiming that they helped with temporary relief and distraction from painful situations. Gender differences in coping methods were observed. Women employed religious engagement and openness, while men preferred to hide emotions and choose harmful coping tactics such as alcohol use. In conclusion, parents believed that having a realistic perspective on their child’s condition and accepting the circumstances as they were, enabled them to cope. Parents felt free to share their positive and negative emotions and experiences with their social circles. Although spirituality can provide relief for parents raising a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder, it should be viewed as a coping mechanism and not a replacement for the assistance of professionals. The gender difference in coping mechanisms indicated that males tend to resort to maladaptive coping mechanisms than females.
Exenteration in a stallion as a treatment of ocular squamous cell carcinoma under general anesthesia- a case report
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Vidura, G.M.; Peiris, Arjun; Senevirathna, R.M.N. Anjana; Hasanjana, M.G. Yasasvi; Piyum, K.A.L.; Hasintha, E.M.E.G.S.H.S.; Senevirathna, J.M.Y.; Ariyarathna, H.S.; Nizanantha, K.; Oopik, Janne; Corrêa, Felipe
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most prevalent ocular cancer in horses, causing rapid vision loss. Horses with unpigmented skin around their eyes are more prone to developing SCC, with ultraviolet light exposure being a significant risk factor. This case study involves a 5-year-old stallion with a 7.5 cm mass on its right eye, present for five months. The stallion exhibited blindness and infected conjunctiva and the preoperative blood tests were unremarkable. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed atypical epithelial cells arranged in clusters, indicative of SCC prompting a clinical recommendation for enucleation. Procaine benzyl penicillin (22 mg/kg) intra-muscularly and flunixin (1.1mg/kg) intravenously (IV)) were administered as an antibiotic and analgesic respectively, and detomidine (0.01 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.01mg/kg) IV were used as pre-anesthetic agents. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.2mg/kg) IV and midazolam (0.05mg/kg) IV and the horse was intubated with 18 mm size tube and positioned in left lateral recumbency. Anaesthesia was maintained with 100%(v/v%) isoflurane and oxygen, with continuous infusion 1.2mg/kg/hr of ketamine (1000mg) and detomidine (10mg), and dobutamine (125mg) administered via a syringe pump. The surgical site was prepared with chlorhexidine, and lidocaine was infiltrated locally. Exenteration, by suturing the eyelids followed by transecting the canthal ligaments, dissecting around the conjunctival sac to detach the extraocular muscles and transecting the optic nerve was performed. The orbital cavity was thoroughly debrided and was covered with a bandage. Post-surgical wound care was instituted every other day for two weeks, and the frequency was reduced. The wound healed completely without complications. Histopathology revealed highly atypical squamous epithelial cells and frequent central keratin pearls along with predominantly composed of neutrophils with intracellular bacteria. This report is notable as the first documented successful exenteration of a horse using a gaseous agent to maintain general anesthesia in Sri Lanka.
Exploring intersections of identity among individuals who are homosexual in Sri Lanka: a sociological study
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Karunarathna, W.L.U.
In Sri Lanka, the intersections of identities among homosexual individuals are influenced by a complex interplay of socio-cultural, legal, and personal factors, including the criminalization of homosexual relations under Sections 365 and 365(A) of the Penal Code of Ceylon. This sociological study investigates how intersecting identities such as gender, ethnicity, and religion affect the self- perception and social interactions of homosexual individuals. Using a qualitative methodology, the research employed snowball sampling to identify 10 participants aged 20–30 from Colombo and Kandy, ensuring diversity in ethnicity and religion. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed thematically. The findings reveal significant regional differences: individuals in Colombo reported greater openness about their sexual identity, engaging more freely with LGBTQ+ social networks, while those in Kandy often concealed their orientation due to pervasive social stigmas and fear of repercussions. Gender emerged as a crucial factor, with female participants generally being more open about their identity compared to male participants, who exhibited higher levels of repression and internalized stigma. Ethnicity and religion also played a significant role: Tamil participants experienced slightly more familial acceptance compared to Sinhalese participants, who faced greater family pressure to conform. Additionally, individuals from conservative religious backgrounds, including Buddhism and Christianity, encountered more severe discrimination, with some facing exclusion from religious and community events. Discrimination was pervasive across genders and sexual orientations, particularly impacting access to healthcare, education, and employment, especially for those of lower socio-economic status. LGBTQ+ communities and personal relationships were vital for providing support and resilience. This study highlights the complex dynamics of intersecting identities among homosexual individuals and advocates for targeted, evidence-based interventions to foster inclusivity and uphold human rights. By amplifying diverse voices and experiences, the research aims to contribute to broader societal acceptance and equality.
Exploring variation in smoking pack years across demographics and its relationship with blood pressure
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Ralapanawa, D.M.P.U.K.; Samaranayake, C.D.; Karunathilake, P.; Weerasinghe, M.B.; De Silva, N.
Sri Lanka, a multicultural and multiethnic nation, faces economic challenges and unequal resource distribution. Cultural and religious beliefs greatly influence health behaviours. Hypertension, a prevalent health issue, is significantly linked to smoking. Despite implementing international standards for blood pressure control, various demographic factors complicate achieving the health goal. This study aimed to assess differences in smoking habits across demographics—sex, religion, ethnicity, occupation, income, and education—and examined its association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and blood pressure control. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Teaching Hospital Peradeniya, a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka, from March 2020 to April 2024, involving 247 diagnosed hypertensive patients. Data collection utilised interviewer-administered questionnaires and clinically measured parameters. The smoking habit was measured in pack years. A one-way ANOVA test, linear regression, and binary logistic regression analyses were performed. 247 patients were analysed, with a mean age of 62.9±14.1 and 45.4% being female. The majority (87%) identified as Sinhala Buddhists. Housework dominated (35.6%), many had education below GCE-Ordinary Level (45.8%), and 9.35% had less than 10,000 Sri Lankan rupees in income. The mean pack year was 4.76. The one-way ANOVA showed significant differences in pack years between genders (p = 0.002) and among occupations (p = 0.012). The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 139.6±21.7mmHg and 83.9±14.6mmHg, respectively. Regression analyses revealed no significant association between smoking pack-years and either systolic or diastolic blood pressure, nor with blood pressure control (p>0.05). In conclusion, there was a significant variation in packyears between genders and among occupations among patients attending Teaching Hospital Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Interestingly, the study found no significant link between their pack years and blood pressure levels or control, suggesting that even former smokers can achieve adequate blood pressure control with standard management.
Factors influencing students’ grade point average: a case study of Level II undergraduates in the Faculty of Science University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Perera, W.T.C.; Jayasekare, L.A.L.W.
Formulation and development of an herbal syrup from Mangifera Indica leaves for the management of gastritis
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Weerasundara, S.H.; Mendis, D.H.A.; Kumarapperuma, P.M.; Gunawardana, S.L.A.
Gastric ulceration is a common condition affecting up to 10% of the global population. Though conventional treatments have shown positive results, they have also shown drawbacks such as recurrence and side effects. Consequently, there is growing interest in using medicinal herbs as natural remedies. The dried leaves were reflux extracted to obtain the aqueous extract and freeze-dried extract was incorporated in different strengths as 0.8 g. 1.6 g and 3.2 g into the syrup base and prepared three formulations as S1, S2, and S3 respectively. The In-vitro acid neutralizing capacity of the formulated syrup formulations was determined using Fordtran’s titration method, and the duration of consistent neutralization on artificial gastric acid was evaluated using the modified Vatier’s artificial stomach. Gaviscon syrup was used as the positive control, while distilled water was used as the negative control. Finally, stability and physico-chemical properties were evaluated of the final herbal syrup formulations. The S1 syrup formulation showed the highest acid neutralizing capacity of 13.28±0.05 mmoL while 89.57±0.03 mmoL and 2.63±0.04 mmoL for the positive control and negative control respectively. S1 formulation was consistently neutralized artificial gastric acid for 157.66±1.15 mins.while 382.66±0.58 mins and 82.33±0.58 mins for the positive control and the negative control. According to this study, the herbal syrup formulation that includes M. indica L. leaf extract has the ability to neutralize gastric acid, making it a safer option for treating ulcers. Further research is recommended to carry out preclinical and clinical investigations, clarify molecular mechanisms, and apply for regulatory approval in order to optimize the procedure.
Genetic predisposition of preeclampsia among Asian population
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Yasara, S.M.D.; Malavige, P.D.P.; Kothalawala, H.S.; Samarakoon, S.M.D.R.
Preeclampsia, characterized by new-onset hypertension after the 20th week of gestation, is linked to genetic factors associated with hypertension. Research has confirmed a genetic contribution to its susceptibility, although the exact pathogenesis unclear. Since, Asian populations have been understudied in this regard, this systematic review aimed to analyze data from 4608 pregnant women across six articles out of 15808 initial articles published on CINAHL, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases from 2014 to 2024. The review highlighted a varied genetic susceptibility landscape to preeclampsia among Asian populations. Three Chinese cohort studies highlight correlations between genetics and preeclampsia. One study reveals elevated renalase levels and specific renalase polymorphisms (rs10887800, rs2576178), indicating heightened susceptibility to long-term preeclampsia. Another study identifies seven alleles, including genes like AGT, IL- 10, TNFα, NOS3, APOE, and ERAP2, significantly associated with preeclampsia in the Han Chinese population. The third study links CRP haplotypes and the rs2794521 genotype to preeclampsia risk in Han Chinese, with certain haplotypes showing either susceptibility or protective effects. In a Sri Lankan study IL1A and MBL1 polymorphisms are associated with heightened preeclampsia risk, while MBL1 rs1800450 demonstrates reduced prevalence in preeclampsia cases. Genotyping analysis in a Pakistani population revealed that the MTHFR:c.665C > T variant is associated with increased susceptibility to preeclampsia (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.18–6.59; P* = 0.046 in over dominant model, OR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.29– 6.57; P* = 0.0497 in dominant model). However, the F5:c.1601G > A, VEGFA: c.- 2055A > C, and VEGFA: c.*237C > T variants showed no relationship with the disease. Moreover, the IL-4 VNTR polymorphism confers a higher risk of preeclampsia in the Iranian population. In conclusion, correlations between specific genetic variants and preeclampsia risk, such as elevated renalase levels and polymorphisms, and CRP variants, underscore the significant role of genetic factors in the development and susceptibility to preeclampsia, emphasizing the need for further investigation in this area.
Gender dimensions in the backyard poultry sector in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Abeykoon, S.A.M.K.P.; Wickramapathirana, H.D.; Kamal, W.M.C.; Navarathne, H.M.D.N.; Kalupahana, R.; Seelagama, P.K.
Many households in Sri Lanka depend on backyard poultry production for both income and nutrition. The main objective of this study is to explore gender roles associated with backyard poultry farming in Sri Lanka along with documenting the key practices which influence health risks and their association with gender, region and ethnicity. The study employed secondary and primary data collected through ethnographic methods such as semi-structured interviews and field observations. Households raising backyard chicken in Northern (N), North Western (NW), and Eastern (E) provinces were selected using snowball sampling as those three consist of the highest number of registered backyard farms in Sri Lanka. Fifteen women and fifteen men from twenty-seven farms were interviewed for this study. Data was analysed using thematic analysis on the MAXQDA software. This qualitative study found that backyard farms exhibit a significant gender-based division of labour in North Western and Eastern Provinces. Men perform the heavy work, while women perform daily caregiving tasks and tasks that require less physical strength. However, in the Northern Province Tamil women not only performed strenuous tasks but were also more independent in decision-making and financial management. The study found laxity towards health and hygiene, with higher chances of spreading zoonotic diseases in all three provinces regardless of gender or ethnicity. There was considerable reliance on traditional treatment methods, informal purchasing of medicine over the counter, and consulting of fellow farmers in the case of birds’ illnesses. The results represent that the gendered division of labour is prominent among Sinhala and Muslim communities within the backyard poultry farms whereas Tamil women are independent in many senses due to their pre-exposure to war and hardship. However, hygienic practices were poor regardless of gender or ethnicity in all three provinces. In conclusion, there is a visible gender division of labour within the backyard poultry system in Sri Lanka and the management practices pose higher health risks to the farmers irrespective of the ethnic group or region.
Hexon gene loop 1 region phylogeny of fowl adenoviruses associated with inclusion body hepatitis in broiler chickens in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-08-29) Indunika, S.A.S.; Palkumbura, P.G.A.S.; Gunawardana, T.A.; Wijesundera, R.R.M.K.K.; Kalupahana, A.W.
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an acute disease in 3–7week broiler chickens, caused by Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) of the genus Aviadenovirus, family Adenoviridae. FAdV-D (serotypes 2, 3, 9, and 11) and FAdV-E (serotypes 6, 7, 8a, and 8b) mainly target the liver of the infected bird causing IBH. Our previous study detected, serotypes 8b and 11 from the North-Western Province (Kurunagala and Kuliyapitiya) and serotype 8b from the Central Province (Gampola). The objective of this study is to determine the hexon gene loop 1 (L1) region based phylogenetic relationship of these serotypes. The sequencing data from the serotypes were analysed by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool N (BLASTN) against sequences in the GenBank database. The results revealed that FAdV 8b isolate from Kurunagala had 98.75% sequence homology to a FAdV isolated from South Africa (HQ117899.1), and, 98.63% and 98.52% nucleotide homology to FAdVs isolated in France (MK572865.1) and India (MH379248.1) respectively. The FAdV 8b isolate from Gampola had a 99.19% sequence similarity to a FAdV reported from France (MK572865.1), 99.07% to a Canadian FAdV (JN112373.1) and 98.96 % to a South African FAdV (HQ117904.1). The FAdV 11 isolate from Kuliyapitiya had a 99.88% sequence similarity to a FAdV found in Japan (LC650578.1), 99.77% to a FAdV in Trinidad and Tobago (MG676334.1) and 99.77% to a Saudi Arabian FAdV (MK995483.1). The pairwise sequence comparison of the two FAdV 8b isolated from Kurunagala and Gampola revealed 99% sequence similarity to each other. This study suggests that genetically close related FAdV 8b serotype had been circulating in the two different geographically distant provinces in Sri Lanka. Sequencing of recently isolated FAdV serotypes from these two provinces is on- going.

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