iPURSE 2025

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Green synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using chicken egg shells for cefazoline delivery
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Gamagedara, T.P.; Pathirana, R.P.P.S.
Hydroxyapatite ( Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 ) is a naturally occurring inorganic mineral. It is used for biomedical applications due to biocompatibility, biodegradability, and osteoconductivity of their nanostructures. In this study, HAP NPs were synthesized using green and facile methods. This study was done to develop a facile synthesis method for producing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using chicken egg shells for cefazolin delivery and to evaluate the effect of the method for the characteristics of the NPs. The research was a laboratory based experimental study that used wet chemical precipitation methods for the synthesis. In method 1, Ca(CO)3 was transformed via Al(OH)3 under controlled pH (10) and temperature (60 0C). Method 2 was done under thermal decomposition and HAP was obtained at 60 0C without external pH control. After that characterization was done using SEM, FT-IR and XRD analysis. According to the SEM analysis, spherical shape NPs were observed in average size of 10 nm with nanosize porosity and needle shapes were obtained with 15 nm x 100 nm. FTIR spectra were obtained for the both CFZ loaded and pure HAP NPs to identify the functional groups. Peak analysis of the both shapes revealed that their functional groups were perfectly indexed with the standard spectra of HAP NPs. CFZ- loaded HAP NPs illustrated the significance bonds of CFZ while making some changes of the pure HAP NPs spectra. XRD was done to identify the crystallinity. According to that, XRD patterns were matched with standard peaks of the HAP NPs. When calculating the crystallinity size, Spherical shape was given 30 nm and needle shape was given 12 nm of average sizes. Finally, HAP NPs were synthesized using green methods, and size and morphology was tuned using different structure- directing agents like Al(OH)3. CFZ was loaded successfully for both morphologies and spherical shapes show higher CFZ loading capacity than needle- shapes due to the high surface area/volume ratio and strengths of the bonds in FTIR analysis.
Green synthesis of iron oxy-hydroxide nanoparticles from Buttala magnetite for removing multivalent ions from contaminated drinking water
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Subhasinghe, S.A.L.D.; Wathsala, T.; Chandrajith, R.
The groundwater contamination with various ions poses a serious risk to human health and the environment. In response to the urgent need for sustainable water decontamination technologies, this study produced an environmentally friendly synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) from the natural magnetite using waste tea extract as a reducing agent. Batch experiments examined the adsorption behaviour of anions and cations with different oxidation states. Variables such as contact time, the dosage of adsorbents, and the initial concentration of the parameters were considered during the experiments. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) methods characterized materials before and after the adsorption experiments. The green synthesized IONP showed a higher binding affinity for tri-valent cations with a maximum removal efficiency of 88% at an optimum dosage of 10 g/L over 60 min. The removal of the mono-valent anion was up to 11% at 1.0 g/L dosage after 30 min of contact time. In contrast, mono-valent and di-valent cations showed very low adsorption, reflecting the selective behaviour of the nanoparticles. Among the adsorption isotherms, the Temkin model was the most suitable for the tri- valent cation and mono-valent anion, reflecting a heterogeneous surface with different adsorption energy. The green synthesis process was found to have an average IONP yield of 87.4%, reflecting its cost and scalability. This study highlights the potential of green-synthesised IONPs for selective ion removal, particularly tri-valent cations, offering a sustainable, cost-effective solution for water treatment. Specific ion removal by these eco engineered IONP offers promising applications for water filtration at household and community levels, which will enhance sustainable development towards access to clean water.
Health-related quality of life of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis registered in central chest clinic, Kandy, Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Madhushani, N.L.; Mendis, B.C.G.
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, significantly affects the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of those affected. Beyond its physical impact, PTB also disrupts psychological well-being and social functioning, thereby reducing overall quality of life. Despite effective treatment, the disease remains a public health issue. Understanding its impact is key to improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to assess the HRQOL among pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered at the Central Chest Clinic, Kandy, Sri Lanka, and to assess the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and HRQOL. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from November to December 2023. A total of 205 clinically diagnosed PTB patients, aged 18 years and above, were recruited using a non-probability convenience sampling method. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire, which included demographic questions and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey for HRQOL assessment. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s correlation analysis were performed using SPSS to analyze the data. Participants exhibited generally low HRQOL scores compared to published reference values, with the lowest mean scores observed in general health (23.43 ± 14.47) and role limitations due to physical health (5.24 ± 19.01). Composite scores reflected an overall reduced quality of life, with a mean Physical Health Component Score of 26.38 ± 15.91 and a Mental Health Component Score of 30.25 ± 15.99. Correlation analysis revealed significant negative correlations between age and HRQOL scores (p = 0.000, ρ=-0.481), while higher education levels (p=0.000, ρ=0.286) and better economic status (p=0.002, ρ=0.213) were positively correlated with improved HRQOL outcomes. This study highlights the multidimensional burden of PTB on HRQOL, with notable deficits in physical, mental, and social health domains. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive care strategies that address the physical, psychological, and social challenges faced by PTB patients.
Histopathological features and their association with serum psa levels in prostate cancer patients at the national hospital Galle
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Kumarage, T.U.; Peiris, H.H.; Perera, A.
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men across the world and most of them are adenocarcinomas. Serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test is a more specific and powerful tool used for early detection of prostate cancer. Serum levels of PSA concentration with the Gleason grading system are used to differentiate prostate tumors. This study aimed to determine the profile of histopathological features and their association with serum levels of PSA in prostate cancer patients at the National Hospital, Galle. A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients diagnosed with prostate diseases including malignancies while excluding those with urinary tract infections and benign prostate hyperplasia. Data were collected retrospectively from archived laboratory records and clinic files from December 2019 to July 2024 after obtaining ethical approval from the Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and Spearmen’s rank correlation with SPSS. A total of 246 prostate cancer patients with the mean age of 69 ± 8 years were enrolled. The mean serum PSA concentration was 37 ± 42 ng/mL. The most common histologic type was acinar adenocarcinoma with a mean tumour burden of 42.25 ± 28.8 %. Perineural invasion (PNI) was present in 28% of patients, while lympho-vascular invasion (LVI) was observed in 10%. Forty-five percent of the study population had Gleason grade group 4 or 5 tumours. Serum PSA value had a significant association with PNI (p = 0.02) but not with LVI (p = 0.162). Gleason grade group was significantly associated with tumour size (p < 0.001), PNI (p < 0.001) and LVI (p = 0.002). Serum PSA values showed a statistically significant positive correlation with both Gleason grade group (ρ = 0.597, p < 0.001) and tumour size (ρ = 0.505, p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the clinical value of serum PSA levels and histopathological features in assessing the aggressiveness of prostate cancer. Higher serum PSA values were significantly associated with higher Gleason grade groups and larger tumour size, suggesting that PSA can serve as a significant biomarker for predicting tumour behavior and guiding patient management.
Hypertension prevalence in Sri Lanka: a literature review
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Pemasiri, P.L.M.; Liyanage, V.A.; De Silva, V.L.; Karunarathna, A.I.; Rathnayaka, R.M.N.M.C.
Hypertension, a major non-communicable disease worldwide, significantly contributes to conditions like cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney failure. In Sri Lanka, a rapidly developing lower-middle-income nation, its prevalence is increasing, driven by factors such as urbanization, shifting demographics, and changes in lifestyle and dietary habits. This review aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypertension in Sri Lanka, contributing risk factors, and highlight high-risk groups. We focus on identifying emerging trends, patterns, and existing gaps in research to support targeted public health strategies and improve hypertension management across the population. This literature review employed a qualitative narrative approach, drawing on 25 peer-reviewed journals, government publications, and national studies, including the Sri Lanka Health and Aging Study, published between 2014 and 2024. Databases were searched on Google Scholar and PubMed, using keywords such as “hypertension,” “Sri Lanka,” and prevalence”. The review aimed to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and demographic differences associated with hypertension in Sri Lanka. Studies included focused on adult populations. The analysis focused on variables like age, gender, urban versus rural location, and comorbidities. The review sought to consolidate existing knowledge and identify trends and gaps in hypertension research. The results indicate that around one-third of adults in Sri Lanka suffer from hypertension, with a higher prevalence ranging from 20.9% to 39.2% seen in older adults, urban dwellers, individuals with obesity, and those with multiple chronic conditions such as diabetes. Additionally, hypertension is significantly linked to factors like income levels, lack of physical activity, and a family history of the condition. Women over 50, urban residents, and individuals with obesity or diabetes were found to be at higher risk. Expressive regional and socioeconomic differences were also observed. The increasing prevalence of hypertension in Sri Lanka demands a cause for public health interventions. Future research should emphasize gender-specific analysis, objective evaluations of lifestyle factors, and comprehensive national surveillance. Enhancing health education, expanding screening programs, and promoting lifestyle modification initiatives are essential strategies to mitigate the burden and prevent the associated complications of hypertension.
Knowledge and attitudes toward pressure ulcer prevention among undergraduate nursing students at a state university in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Thilakarathne, K.P.S.M.; Ekanayake, E.H.M.R.K.
Pressure ulcers are a common healthcare concern among long-term bedridden patients. Nurses are the most responsible persons in the prevention of pressure ulcers. Student nurses also can be involved in pressure ulcer prevention during their clinical placements and they should have adequate knowledge and positive attitudes towards pressure ulcer prevention. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards pressure ulcers, the association between demographic variables, and the knowledge and attitudes among undergraduate nursing students at a state university in Sri Lanka. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 185 undergraduate nursing students at a state university in Sri Lanka. Data were collected using pretested, two validated questionnaires: Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Instrument and Attitude toward Pressure Ulcer Prevention. Collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26. One-way ANOVA and Turkey post hoc test were used to assess the differences between groups. Pearson correlation test was used to determine correlations between knowledge and attitude scores. The total mean knowledge score was 11.023.05 out of 26 and the total mean attitude score was 39.424.58 out of 52. No significant difference was found between the frequency of exposure to patients with pressure ulcers and the total knowledge score (p>0.05). However, significant differences were observed between the knowledge score and age, gender, academic year and semester, number of clinical hours, number of clinical units, and the types of clinical units (p < 0.05). A significant difference in attitude score was found only with the types of clinical unit (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.14, p = 0.07). Increased age, academic year and semester, clinical hours, and clinical unit exposure improved knowledge scores among nursing students. In contrast, attitude scores significantly varied based on the type of clinical unit, indicating the influence of the clinical environment on nursing students' attitudes. Student nurses should be encouraged to review the theoretical knowledge in the clinical setup.
Knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices on antibiotic administration among nursing staff working in surgical wards at national hospital Kandy
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Liyanapathirana, L.V.C.; Dulanjanee, M.
Nurses play a crucial role in antibiotic administration. Inadequate knowledge, and improper adherence to administration protocols can lead to adverse events to patients and also contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices on antibiotic administration to include antibiotic stewardship (AMS) and to describe their associated factors among nurses working at surgical units of National Hospital, Kandy. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 nurses working in the surgical units of the National Hospital, Kandy, recruited through convenience sampling. A validated, pre-tested self- administered questionnaire was used to get data on knowledge, attitudes, and self- reported practices regarding antibiotic administration to include AMS. Percentages were calculated for demographic variables and individual responses. Scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practices were calculated and categorized using Bloom’s cut- off points: poor (<60%), moderate (60–80%), and good (>80%). Associations between scores and demographic variables were assessed using Chi-square, Fisher’s Exact, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Among the 130 nurses, 80.8% were female, 53.8% were aged 30–40 years, and 55.4% held diplomas. Nearly half (47.7%) had <5 years of experience. The mean knowledge score was 23.88/34 (SD 3.82), with 64.6% having moderate and 18.5% poor knowledge. Of all 16.9% believed antibiotics treat viral infections, and 32.3% did not recognize nausea/vomiting as signs of anaphylaxis. Only 60.8% reported awareness of AMS as a concept. The mean attitude score was 36.25/45 (SD 3.87), with 53.1% having moderate attitudes. While 96.2% claimed to recognize indications for antibiotics, only 36.2% were likely to report prolonged antibiotic use in chronic wounds to a physician. The mean practice score was 50.71/60 (SD 5.42), with 71.5% demonstrating good practices; 61.5% correctly calculated IV drop rates and 60.0% checked cannula patency. Higher education was significantly associated with better knowledge (p = 0.003), but attitudes and practices were not significantly associated with demographic variables. The study identified gaps in knowledge, AMS awareness and practices relating to antibiotic administration. Targeted education and training are needed to enhance their knowledge and improve practices, ensuring patient safety and helping combat antimicrobial resistance.
Investigating factors associated with infant mortality in selected MOH areas in Colombo district, Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Piyatilake, G.R.J.; Atapattu, M.S.
Infant mortality is a vital public health indicator that reflects socio-economic disparities, maternal health, and access to healthcare. Despite national progress in reducing the infant mortality rate (IMR), Colombo’s IMR remains above the national average, warranting focused investigation. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive statistical analysis of the determinants of infant mortality in selected Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas within the Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Secondary data were collected from nine MOH offices between 2019 and 2023. A random cluster sampling technique was used to select these nine MOH offices ensuring a representative sample. Additionally, the study examines the factors determining the number of days an infant survives prior to mortality. The dataset consists of 228 cases and encompasses variables related to various aspects of infant death, including socio-demographic factors, birth history, and maternal and paternal characteristics. Data were collected directly from the MOH offices and structured for analysis. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation techniques to ensure robust results. The analysis employs both descriptive and advanced statistical techniques, including negative binomial regression and decision tree models, to identify the significant predictors of infant survival and estimate the number of days an infant lived before mortality. Birth weight and maternal immunisation against rubella emerged as the most significant predictors, with higher birth weights associated with prolonged survival. Geographical disparities were also observed, particularly in the Kolonnawa MOH area, which emerged as a critical hotspot in the region. This area warrants targeted public health interventions due to its higher incidence of parents with no formal education and gaps in maternal rubella immunisation coverage. Despite limitations due to incomplete data coverage across all MOH areas, the findings remain robust due to rigorous statistical handling. This study offers actionable insights for improving neonatal care and guiding targeted public health interventions aimed at reducing infant mortality in Colombo. Moreover, estimating the likelihood of infant survival will aid in optimising resource allocation within hospitals, ensuring more effective use of available healthcare facilities.
Isobaric bupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in caesarean sections: prospective randomized clinical trial
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Weerasinghe, P.G.D.A.P.; Abeysundara, A.B.; Tennakoon, S.U.B.; Ratnayake, A.; De Silva, S.; Bandara, R.; Samarasinghe, S.; Nanayakkara, P.S.K.; Warnasooriya, D.G.H.; Wickramaratne, M.D.K.I.; Abeygunawardena, S.D.V.
Spinal anaesthesia (SA) is used for cesarean sections due to its rapid onset, effective sensory blockage, and low risk of maternal and neonatal risks. Bupivacaine, the preferred local anaesthetic, is available in isobaric (dextrose-free) and hyperbaric (dextrose-containing) forms. Hyperbaric bupivacaine is preferred more for its predictable spread and cardiovascular stability, though isobaric may be a good second line choice in resource limited settings. This single-blinded, prospective, single- centered, randomized clinical trial was conducted in Teaching Hospital Peradeniya enrolling 158 pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean sections, above 18 years of age (79 in each group). Primary objectives were to compare safety, effectiveness, and cardiovascular stability (blood pressure) of isobaric and hyperbaric bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for cesarean sections. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and jamovi 2.6.26, with significance set at p < 0.05. Data analysis revealed isobaric bupivacaine had a significantly faster onset compared to hyperbaric bupivacaine (2.101 vs. 3.763 min, p < 0.05). The duration of the sensory block was prolonged in hyperbaric bupivacaine than isobaric (3.80 vs. 1.622 hours, p < 0.05). Sensory block levels were comparable (T6 vs. T5, p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed in both groups. Hyperbaric bupivacaine had a smaller reduction in systolic (24.10 ± 22.4 mmHg) and diastolic (19.60 ± 19.6 mmHg) blood pressure in contrast to isobaric (39.82 ± 22.4 mmHg and 30.30 ± 16.9 mmHg, respectively, p < 0.05). In conclusion, hyperbaric bupivacaine has better cardiovascular stability and a longer duration, making it ideal for cesarean sections. Isobaric has a faster onset but may cause more hemodynamic variations requiring close monitoring.
Isolation and evaluation of the gum from Cyclea Peltata leaves as a binder in tablet formulation
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Kuruppu, A.K.H.G.; Ranasinghe, S.M.
Binders are essential excipients in tablet formulation, contributing to the cohesiveness and mechanical integrity of compressed tablets. Natural gum from Cyclea peltata leaves can serve as an alternative tablet binder to conventional agents such as maize starch, addressing the growing demand for safe, biocompatible, and sustainable excipients over synthetic binders. To develop a robust and reproducible method for extracting gum from Cyclea peltata leaves for use as an alternative tablet binder, and to rigorously assess its suitability and efficacy as a binding agent in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.100g of mature, healthy Cyclea peltata leaves were harvested, washed, shade-dried and mechanically comminuted. For gum extraction, the commuted leaf material was soaked in distilled water and then heated at 70 0C for mucilage release. The extract was filtered, concentrated using a rotary evaporator, and precipitated by treating with cold ethanol. The resulting precipitate was dried, pulverized, and utilized to formulate placebo tablets as a binder via wet granulation, followed by standard evaluation tests as per British Pharmacopoeia. The tests included hardness, friability, disintegration, weight variation, and thickness and diameter. The extraction of gum from Cyclea peltata leaves yielded 12.75% and the extraction was optimum in the presence of ethanol to sample in a ratio of 3:1. The tablets formulated reported an average hardness of 42.4 N and negligible friability, indicating good mechanical strength and satisfactory resistance to abrasion. Disintegration time and average tablet weight of the formulated tablets were 12.85 minutes, 227.96 mg respectively confirming all the tablets passed the hardness, friability, disintegration, uniformity of weight, and thickness and diameter tests. According to the findings of the study, gum from Cyclea peltata can be extracted effectively with ethanol: sample ratio of 3:1. Promising results for placebo tablet properties are suggesting that Cyclea peltata gum can be utilized as an excipient, in place of conventional binding agents contributing to the development of sustainable and natural excipients for pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing.
Knowledge about miscarriages among patients admitted with a sporadic miscarriage at teaching hospital Peradeniya
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Bandara, M.R.A.P.; Bandara, W.L.S.S.L.; Bandara, Y.M.N.P.Y.; Basnayake, B.M.S.K.; Beddewela, I.R.N.H.; Gihan, M.C.
Although miscarriages are common, delayed presentation to healthcare services can lead to increased complications. This study aimed to identify knowledge gaps regarding miscarriages, which could help reduce such delays. The objective of this research was to assess patients’ knowledge about the symptoms, risk factors, complications and planning of subsequent pregnancies following a miscarriage, and to examine its association with sociodemographic characteristics among women admitted with sporadic miscarriage to the Teaching Hospital Peradeniya. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 106 patients admitted with sporadic miscarriage. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Only 25.5% of participants correctly identified that prior use of an intrauterine device does not cause miscarriage. Similarly, just 17% knew that stressful events do not lead to miscarriage and only 12.3% were aware that lifting heavy objects during pregnancy is not a cause. There was no statistically significant association between age and overall knowledge (p = 0.076), while educational level showed a significant association with knowledge (p = 0.000). This study showed even though the overall knowledge about miscarriage was generally adequate, many participants held misconceptions and false beliefs. A significant association was found between educational level and knowledge, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions. Age, however, was not significantly associated with knowledge levels.
Identification of coronaviruses in bat excreta in a selected semi-urban area in the Kandy district of Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Noordeen, F.; Iqbal, B.N.; Fernando, T.; Muthuwaththa, M.G.C.M.; Thilakarathne, G.G.K.T.; Abdeen, A.A.S.
Bats are known asymptomatic reservoirs of many coronaviruses (CoV). Their dense roosting behavior promotes transmission and evolution of these viruses, posing zoonotic risks. Identifying CoV in bat colonies will help recognize emerging CoV, particularly in areas where human-animal interactions are common. This study aims to detect the presence of CoV in bat guano collected from a semi-urban bat colony in a selected site in the Kandy District of Sri Lanka. A total of 50 fresh bat guano were collected from a bat colony from Akurana, Sri Lanka in July 2023. Each guano was mixed separately with 1mL of Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). Viral RNA was extracted using Bioflux Biospin Virus DNA/RNA extraction kit, as per manufacturer’s instructions. RNA extracts were subjected to a conventional PanCoV nested RT-PCR, which is designed to target RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene with a 442 base pair fragment, a conserved segment in the Orthocoronavirinae family. Subsequently, PCR products were visualized using gel electrophoresis using a UV transilluminator. Finally, DNA sequencing was done for the positive samples using Oxford Nanopore Technology. Of the 50 bat guano samples tested, 15 (30%) were confirmed positive for CoV through PanCoV RT-PCR. Of the 15 CoV positive samples, 13 were successfully sequenced; the majority of these samples were classified as beta CoV using the NCBI blast. Identification of beta CoV in 30% of bat guanos in a semi-urban area of the Kandy District, emphasizes the need for enhanced surveillance of bats, especially in underrepresented areas, to understand CoV diversity to mitigate potential zoonotic spillovers that could pose threats to the public.
Immersive ai-driven nursing education: integrating vr and conversational ai for advanced wound care training
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Madhushanka, K.G.M.; Bambaragama, H.M.K.D.; Wickramaarachchi, U.I.; Jayasinghe, U.; Ekanayake, E.H.M.R.K.; Dassanayake, H.D.W.T.D.; Vimukthi, R.D.Y.
Nursing education faces significant challenges in delivering effective wound care training due to limited faculty resources, high costs of traditional manikin-based simulations, and ethical constraints surrounding patient consent. These barriers restrict hands on practice, impede skill development, and delay clinical preparedness among nursing students. This study explores the integration of Virtual Reality (VR) simulations and Conversational AI models to revolutionize advanced wound care education, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. The primary objectives are to enhance critical thinking, clinical competency, knowledge retention, and learner engagement through immersive, interactive technologies tailored to nursing education. A structured literature review was conducted, analyzing 45 peer reviewed studies on VR and AI applications in nursing education, with a specific focus on wound care training. Studies were systematically categorized based on their use of VR, Conversational AI, or combined approaches, revealing a notable gap in research on integrated systems. Findings indicate that VR significantly improves immersion, spatial understanding, and skill acquisition but lacks realistic tactile feedback and robust support for complex decision-making. Conversely, Conversational AI excels in delivering dynamic, personalized feedback and guidance, yet struggles with contextual adaptability and speech recognition accuracy in clinical scenarios. The integration of these technologies remains underexplored, primarily due to hardware limitations, software compatibility issues, and the complexity of replicating domain specific wound care scenarios. Despite these challenges, combining VR’s immersive environments with AI’s adaptive communication offers a promising pathway to create realistic, scalable training platforms. Such systems could simulate diverse clinical cases, provide real time feedback, and foster critical decision-making skills in a safe, controlled setting. This study underscores the transformative potential of integrated VR-AI systems to address current educational limitations, enhance learner outcomes, and better prepare nursing students for real world clinical challenges. Future research should prioritize developing pedagogically sound, interoperable systems that overcome technical barriers, focusing on scalability, accessibility, and alignment with nursing curricula to ensure practical implementation and widespread adoption in educational settings.
In vitro and In silico evaluation of antioxidant potential and phytochemical quantification of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng roots
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Ranasinghe, P.A.H.B.; Lorensu Hewage, V.C.; George, G.D.N.; Weerasinghe, W.
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a medicinal plant that belongs to the family Lamiacea and is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. Though the various parts of the plant have been extensively studied, roots remain less explored. This research aimed to evaluate phytochemical and antioxidant activities of P. amboinicus roots using in vitro and in silico methods. Different plant extracts of roots were made using sequential cold maceration method with n-Hexane, Chloroform and Methanol. Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were determined while the antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Gass Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify the phytochemicals present in the root extracts. The identified phytochemicals were subjected to in silico molecular docking study with Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme to simulate binding affinities by using GOLD Suite software. Docking results were compared and analyzed with the standard ligand binding capacity with SOD enzyme. The n-Hexane extract showed the highest TPC (28.22 ± 1.155 mg GAE/g), whereas the Methanol extract showed the highest TFC (21.78 ± 0.254 mg QE/g). The TAC assay indicated n-Hexane extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (7.3490 ± 0.446 mg AAE/g). Nevertheless, the Methanol extract showed the best scavenging activity with the lowest IC50 of 78 ± 1.194 μg/mL while the standard Ascorbic acid showed IC50 of 148.5 ± 0.333 μg/mL. Palmitic acid (C16H32O2), Aromadendrene (C15H24), and Hexanedioic acid (C6H10O4) were identified as the most abundant compounds present in extracts via GC-MS. Palmitic acid-SOD interaction showed a high binding potential with 3 Hydrogen bonds and 59.1739 of PLP fitness score while the standard Ascorbic acid-SOD showed only 44.496 of PLP fitness score. The study highlights the significant antioxidant potential of P. amboinicus root extracts. The Methanol extract exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity, while Palmitic acid showed strong binding affinity with the Superoxide dismutase enzyme. These findings indicate that P. amboinicus roots possess considerable potential as a natural source of antioxidant agents. The results can be applied in the development of herbal supplements, functional foods, skincare products, and antioxidant-based therapies.
In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Guduchyadi taila and its individual ingredients
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Jayasuriya, W.J.A.B.N.; Herath, H.M.D.R.; Madushan, M.A.H.; Dahanayake, J.M.
Guduchyadi Taila is a traditional formulation used in treating Vatarakta (gouty arthritis). This formulation is prepared by incorporating of Tinospora cordifolia (Rasakinda), cow milk, sesame oil, and water. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Guduchyadi Taila and its ingredients using egg albumin denaturation assay and heat-induced red blood cell (HRBC) stabilisation assay. T. cordifolia, along with cow milk and sesame oil, was used in the preparation of Guduchyadi taila, according to the standard methods mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of Sri Lanka. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the Guduchyadi taila and its ingredients (decoction of T. cordifolia stem, cow milk, sesame oil) was evaluated using the egg albumin denaturation assay and the HRBC membrane stabilization assay, with diclofenac sodium as the reference drug. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference post hoc test. In egg albumin denaturation assay, T. cordifolia decoction, cow milk, sesame oil, Guduchyadi taila, and diclofenac sodium showed IC50 values of 685.6, 3664, 1694, 565.3 and 780.4 μg/ml, respectively. In the HRBC membrane stabilisation assay, T. cordifolia and Guduchyadi Taila had IC50 values of 683.1 and 658.5 μg/ml, respectively, while sesame oil and cow milk (1414 and 3788 μg/ml, respectively) displayed much weaker activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of T. cordifolia and Guduchyadi Taila was comparable with the standard drug (P > 0.05), while cow milk and sesame oil had significantly weaker activity compared to Guduchyadi Taila and diclofenac sodium (P < 0.05). The present study demonstrated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the traditional formulation Guduchyadi Taila. Decoction of T. cordifolia stem showed in vitro anti- inflammatory activity indicating its potential as a promising source for novel anti- inflammatory agents. A novel topical formulation will be prepared using the ingredients of Guduchyadi Taila.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of Hypochlorous acid (Hocl) on some selected Candida species and oral microflora
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Gunasena, C.; Wijekoon, W.M.P.S.K.; Jayatilake, J.A.M.S.; Giguruwa, D.N.; Senanayake, M.R.D.M.; Weerasekera, H.S.K.
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is used as an antiseptic and a disinfectant. However, antimicrobial activity (AMA) of HOCl on Candida species (CS) and oral microflora (OM) is poorly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the AMA of HOCl on some selected CS and OM in vitro. AMA of HOCl was tested against standard isolates of Candida; C. albicans (ATCC 90028), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019), C. krusei (ATCC 6258), C. glabrata (ATCC 90030) and C. tropicalis (ATCC 13803). Further, the effect of HOCl against OM harvested from healthy individuals was also assessed as follows. HOCl produced by Steripower® unit (Japan) was adjusted to different concentrations (200, 100 and 50 ppm). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and 0.2% chlorhexidine were used as negative and positive controls. CS were cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) at 37°C for 24 h and were harvested by centrifugation, washed and suspended in PBS (108 cell/ml; 0.5 McFarland). OM was harvested from 5 healthy volunteers after rinsing the mouth with sterile PBS (10 ml) for 30 seconds. Resultant oral rinses were concentrated into 1ml PBS with centrifugation. Afterwards, 0.1 ml of the Candida suspension or concentrated oral rinse was mixed with 0.9 ml of HOCl or control solutions for 1 min. Subsequently, 0.1 ml of the resultant solutions of Candida or OM exposed to HOCl were inoculated on to Sabourauds dextrose agar or blood agar plates respectively. Candida cultures were incubated at 37°C aerobically. OM was incubated at 37°C both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. All cultures were observed up to 48 h for microbial growth. Each experiment was quadruplicated. CS (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis) and OM of healthy volunteers exposed to HOCl (200, 100, 50 ppm) and 0.2% chlorhexidine for 1min resulted no growth on solid agar after 48 h incubation at 37°C. Exposure to HOCl (200, 100, 50 ppm) and 0.2% chlorhexidine for 1 min completely inhibited all the tested CS (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis) and the OM of healthy volunteers suggesting a remarkable AMA. This could be attributed to the fact that HOCl dissociates into H+ and OCl– that are capable of denaturing and aggregating microbial proteins resulting in killing a broad spectrum of microorganisms in a brief exposure. HOCl (200, 100, 50 ppm) may be used as an effective antiseptic/disinfectant similar to 0.2% chlorhexidine against C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and OM. Further studies are recommended to assess the in vivo effects of HOCl to explore its application for oral hygiene.
In Vivo Glycaemic response to selected commonly consumed Sri Lankan rice– based foods prepared using three long-grain rice varieties
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Somaratne, G.M.; Wijesekara, S.P.; Gunasekara, D.C.S.; Chandrasekara, A.; Bhagya, G.S.K.; Abeysiriwardena, D.S.D.Z.
Sri Lankans heavily rely on rice-based diets. However, the Glycaemic index (GI) values of many local rice-based dishes have been underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the Postprandial Glycaemic Responses (PGRs) elicited by selected rice- based dishes prepared using different cooking methods, from three long grain rice varieties [CIC Savandara Mix, CIC Red Fragrant (Broken) and CIC Super Kernel]. Selected dishes, namely milk rice, Diyabath, rice porridge, fried rice and string hoppers (served as a mixed meal with coconut gravy) were prepared following standard recipes and analysed for proximate composition. In vivo GI values of plain cooked rice and dishes were determined following the ISO 26642:2010 procedure, in a randomized clinical trial, using a healthy human clinical panel of twenty-five volunteers. Each portion of test meals contained 50 g of available carbohydrates. Pure glucose (50 g) dissolved in 250 ml of water was served as the reference. Savandara Mix rice reported a medium GI (58 ± 8.4) whereas milk rice (51±5.0) and Diyabath (40 ± 5.8) prepared from the same rice reported low GI values. Fried rice prepared from Super Kernel rice exhibited a low GI value (40 ± 5.0). Red Fragrant (Broken) rice (67 ± 6.8) and derived dishes; rice porridge (62 ± 10.6) and string hopper mixed meal (59 ± 9.1) were categorized as medium GI food. Additionally, milk rice prepared from Savandara Mix, when served with a minimal sufficient amount (15 g) of a commercially available accompaniment (Katta Sambal) elicited a GI of 50 ± 6.5 indicating no statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) when compared with milk rice served alone. The results indicate that method of preparation and addition of fat, protein and fibre can help optimize the PGR of rice-based dishes. Furthermore, it depicts potential use of commercially available Katta Sambal as a carrier food during GI testing. Moreover, each dish tested can be tailored to specific health needs.
In silico evaluation of the repellent efficacy of selected citrus terpenoids against aedes albopictus OBP 1 protein using molecular docking techniques
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Alahakoon, S.B.; Fernando, S.S.S.T.; Wijegunawardana, N.D.A.D.; Jayasooriya, R.G.P.T.; Samarakoon, K.W.
Mosquito-borne diseases pose a major global health threat, affecting billions each year. Rising resistance to synthetic pesticides and the lack of antiviral treatments, especially for illnesses like dengue, emphasize the need for alternative prevention methods. Natural plant compounds, particularly citrus-derived terpenoids, have shown promise as eco-friendly mosquito repellents. This study used an in silico approach to assess the binding efficiency of selected citrus-based phytochemicals against Odorant Binding Protein 1 (OBP1) of Aedes albopictus, with the synthetic repellent DEET as a reference. Key compounds analyzed included limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, linalool, citronellol, myrcene, citral, and neral—chosen for their known repellent activity and abundance in citrus extracts. The OBP1 active site was identified using CASTp, and molecular docking was performed using AutoDock 4.2.6 with standard parameters (Kollman charges and merged non-polar hydrogens). Docking was tested at exhaustiveness levels 8, 30, 50, and 100 to validate results. Additional virtual screening was conducted with Vina, and interactions were visualized using Discovery Studio and ChimeraX. Limonene showed the highest binding affinity at –6.8 kcal/mol, surpassing DEET (–5.0 kcal/mol). Other compounds like α-pinene and β-pinene also exhibited stronger affinities than DEET. The docking interactions included hydrogen bonds, alkyl, and π- alkyl interactions, suggesting favorable structural compatibility with OBP1. While no significant statistical differences were observed across exhaustiveness levels, minor variations in binding affinity were noted. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of citrus-derived terpenoids, particularly limonene, as effective natural alternatives to synthetic mosquito repellents. The study demonstrates the value of computational docking in screening plant-based bioactive compounds for mosquito control strategies.
Genetic and epigenetic alterations in oral and oropharyngeal cancers associated with smoke and smokeless tobacco exposure: a systematic review
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Batuwanthudawa, B.G.M.I.; Hewa Kodikarage, C.; Senevirathna, K.; Ratnayake, W.M.K.M.; Induijaa, S.; Bandara, R.M.P.A.; Jayasinghe, Y.A.; Siriwardena, S.; Kanmodi, K.K.; Jayasinghe, R.D.
Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas are influenced by several variables, such as alcohol use, tobacco use and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Among them, tobacco usage is closely linked to squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx and oral cavity. Tobacco-induced genetic and epigenetic alterations are crucial contributors to carcinogenesis and their exact processes are still unknown. The aim of this systematic review was to compile the most recent information regarding the genetic and epigenetic changes caused by tobacco use that lead to the initiation and progression of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source and AMED – The Allied and Complementary Medicine Database were used in a methodical search. Altogether 28 studies on tobacco-related oral/oropharyngeal malignancies that were published between 2014 and 2024 were included and focused only on in-vitro experiments. PRISMA guidelines were used to screen the articles. Key findings, tobacco usage, cell culture conditions, study type, and important molecular changes were considered during extraction and data analysis. Both smoke and smokeless tobacco products were analyzed collectively. SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool was used for the risk of bias assessment since most of the studies were used both animal models and cell lines. We found that frequent mutation of TP53, CDKN2A, and NOTCH1 genes in tobacco users. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor gene promoters and changes in the expression of regulatory microRNAs like miR-21 and miR-155 were examples of epigenetic changes. Additionally, tobacco smoke has been connected to chromatin remodeling and histone de-acetylation, both leading to uncontrolled cell growth and invasion. The development of oral and oropharyngeal cancer was driven by certain genetic alterations and epigenetic dysregulation as a result of tobacco usage. These results provide promising insights into novel treatment approaches such as molecular biomarkers for early detection of tobacco-associated head and neck malignancies.
Geochemical characterization and health risk assessment of groundwater in Sri Lanka
(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2025-08-28) Munasinghe, D.T.R.; Chandrajith, R.
This study evaluates the hydro-geochemical properties of water samples from various domains across climatic zones and geological complexes to determine water quality and potential health risks. Groundwater quality data are presented from a total of 1508 groundwater samples. Key parameters such as temperature, pH, total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO3−), sulfate (SO42−), phosphate (PO43−), nitrate (NO3−), chloride (Cl−), fluoride (F−), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+) were analyzed. The county's greatest median EC and TH values (1350.29 μS cm−1 and 494.97 mg L−1) might be sedimentary terrain. The greatest geographical changes in EC and TH values, which are probably influenced by climate, were found on the metamorphic terrain that makes up more than 90% of the island. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and Health Index (HI) were calculated to assess water usability and associated health implications. The results show significant variability in water quality across different zones. The dry zone exhibits higher mineral content and poor water quality, with domains like A having the highest WQI of 93.00 (Very Poor). The wet zone, particularly domain H, demonstrates the best water quality with a WQI of 9.00 (Excellent). Parameters like electrical conductivity, hardness, and chloride levels are elevated in the Sedimentary and Wanni complexes, indicating salinity and mineralization issues. The average pH (6.73) is within permissible limits, but acidity is noted in the wet zone Highlands (pH 4.73). Health risk assessments reveal that the dry zone poses the greatest health concerns, with a maximum HI of 5.36. The findings highlight the need for targeted water management strategies, including salinity control in the dry zone, enhanced mineral content monitoring, and water quality maintenance in the wet zone. This study underscores the importance of region-specific interventions to ensure safe and sustainable water resources.

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