PGIHS-RC 2017
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- ItemThe idea of “place” in a small place by Jamaica Kincaid and Toba Tek Singh by Sadat Hasan Manto(University of Peradeniya, 2017-03-31) Amarasooriya, W.M.T.T.The concern with place and displacement is a major characteristic of postcolonial literature. The colonized people suffer from alienation caused by colonization. Hence, many writers from former colonies highlight the significance of the sense of home and belonging. As explained in The Empire Writes Back, the gap which opens between the experience of place and the language available to describe it forms a classic and all pervasive feature of post-colonial texts. Place is significant in postcolonial texts, because the consequences of colonialism are discussed in some postcolonial texts through the effective use of the idea of place. Hence, the portrayal of “place” in A Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid and Toba Tek Singh by Sadat Hasan Manto will be studied in this paper. A Small Place is a story set in an island called Antigua. In this story, place is of the utmost importance because the story develops along with descriptions of the island. Through the descriptions, the authoress tries to compare the past situation of Antigua with its present situation. It is the place which shows how everything has changed with colonialism and the destruction caused by the colonial rulers. The authoress feels alienated in her homeland as the process of colonization has made the colonized displaced. Toba Tek Singh by Sadat Hasan Manto is a story about the ownership of land and the confusion created by the demarcation of India and Pakistan. The story is set in a lunatic asylum. The setting implies that the partition of India and Pakistan is not comprehensible even for the lunatics in the asylum. People find it difficult to comprehend this demarcation. Displacement causes inconvenience, both physical and mental. The narrative is used as evidence to prove the effective use of the theme of place. Place and displacement are of utmost importance in postcolonial literature. The contents of the story and the message of the story are directly linked with the place and the setting in some stories. The paper tries to explain the role that “place” plays in the above-mentioned narratives.
- ItemEffects of tourism on employment generation in Sri Lanka: an econometric application(University of Peradeniya, 2017-03-31) Padmasiri, R.C.P.Tourism has become the world’s largest industry and creator of jobs across national and regional economies. In Sri Lanka, tourism contributes to a large proportion of the national income and generates employment opportunities. Tourism creates direct, indirect, and induced employment in regional and national economies. Direct Employment refers to the type of employment provided in tourism facilities, such as accommodation, transport, entertainment, travel agents, management, finance, and health care. Indirect Employment covers the employment in other sectors that receives income from expenditure done in touristic relations. Induced Employment refers to the additional employment in economy arising from re-spending of the income which has been gained through direct and indirect employment methods. The multiplier effect of tourism plays an important role in the emergence of induced employment. In Sri Lanka, the ratio of jobs generated, both directly and indirectly, to the number of tourist arrivals for the year is 1:5.6. Due to increased arrivals and the use of new technology in tourism establishments, this ratio has increased to one job for every four arrivals. The research problem of the resent study: What are the effects of tourism on employment in Sri Lanka? There are no recent studies on this issue that uses the multiplier effect model for Sri Lanka. The objective of this study is to test whether there is a long-term effect of the tourism sector on employment according to the multiplier effect model. This paper also investigates the integrated relationship between tourism and employment in Sri Lanka for the period from 1970 to 2015. The data for all the variables were taken from annual reports of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka for the years from 1990 to 2015. This study utilizes ARDL bound test analysis, the long run model, and the error correction model to estimate the effect of tourism on employment. The ARDL bound test results show that there is a long run co integration relationship between the variables of tourism revenue and employment. The ARDL test results suggest that there is a positive, long run and simple relationship between the tourist revenue and employment. The results of the short run dynamic coefficients (ECM) show that tourism revenue has a positive, statistical and simple significant impact on employment in the short term and a fairly low speed of adjustment to equilibrium after a shock. These results suggest that tourism creates multiplier effect to generate employment in Sri Lanka.
- ItemPunch-marked coins and their contemporary counterfeits(University of Peradeniya, 2017-03-31) Tharangani, K.W.C.; Senanayake, A.M.P.The Punch-marked Coins impressed with various symbols on both flans are recognized as the earliest coins found in Sri Lankan coinage. The circulation period of Punchmarked Coins is ascribed to period between 3ʳᵈ century B.C. and 5ᵗʰ century A.C. In India, it is also identified as the earliest coins found in Indian coinage, and circulated from 6ᵗʰ century B.C. to 150 B.C. Several Punch-marked Coins collections and hoards were used for the research. The coin collections and hoards named Meerigama coin hoard, Jetavana collection, Jaffna Museum collection, University of Jaffna Museum collection, Professor Pushparatnam Collection and published catalogues were used for the study. There are two major objectives in this research. The first is to identify the origin of the coins and the second is to identify the chronology of the coins. The study was carried out using the methodology introduced by Gupta and Hardaker. The methodology was mainly applied to the coins which bear four or five obverse symbols. The majority of the coins could not be ascribed to any variety because of the lack of five major symbols on the obverse other than bankers’ marks with two or three official marks. Hence it is difficult to identify their variety and their series. Although a collection of coins was studied for the research, only a few of them were useful to identify their variety and series. It appears that the Punch-marked Coins found in Sri Lanka belong to imperial series, and they were found to be minted in Gangatic plain in Northern India. It seems that the coins have travelled a long journey from North India to Sri Lanka. Although they originally belong to an earlier date in India the coins found in Sri Lanka belong to significantly later date attested by contextual data. The coins that were studied have been minted using silver metal and silver plated copper. There are three types of coins in the collections. They are Punch-marked Coins of Northern Indian origin, the contemporary counterfeit coins and the silver ingots. The authors surmise that the silver ingots may be the first attempt to cast local coin types in Sri Lanka.
- ItemAncient greek athletes: amateurs or professionals?(University of Peradeniya, 2017-03-31) Ranasingha, K.G.B.B.Until the 1970s, Olympic Games were only for amateurs and hence professionals were not allowed to participate. For, it was the Ancient Greek Olympics that they were constantly referring to when devising the above rule for the Olympics. With such a legacy, it is essential to clarify whether ancient Greek athletes were really amateurs or professionals. "Amateur athletics" is considered as a concept that was developed in the 19th century AD. "Amateur” is a French derivation of a Latin word amator, meaning ‘lover’. Thus, it is defined as ‘a lover of’ indicating someone who does something because he/she loves it. ‘Professional’ is someone who does something for money. These are the two extreme perspectives with which modern critics look at both modern Olympic athletes and ancient Greek athletes, trying to categorize them as either amateurs or as professionals. Going through the legacy of athletics in ancient Greece it is obvious that they were not either amateurs or professionals. It is apparent, that at an initial stage the geographical division of Greece has marked it an essential necessity for them to engage in athletics, further, the double motive of religion and sport, their epic models and legendary heroes have further inspired the agonistic spirit of the whole nation to crave for honors and personal distinction through athletic prowess. Later, we also see that ancient Greeks treat athletics as an essential component of their traditional education system. Moreover, the reception of the society on victors of athletic games and the immortalization of athletes through sculptures and art would have obviously induced the contemporary and future athletes of ancient Greece. Thus, more than their love for the athletics it is the geography, religion, society and their agonistic spirit which made them athletes. In conclusion, this study shows that Greeks were neither amateur athletes nor professional athletes since they did not have such idea of praising only the virtues of uncompensated athletes. Hence, the ancient Greeks were simply athletes in a setting where honour along with winning of a valuable prize was considered as an important part of being an athlete.
- ItemThe archaeological landscape of the early iron age burial site: Ihala Kalawella Ulpatha and its environs in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka(University of Peradeniya, 2017-03-31) Jayaratne, D.K.; Jayaratne, D.KumaraThe Early Iron Age burial site of Ihala Kalawella Ulpatha is located within Waya Ulpatha Grama Niladhari division in the Palugaswewa Divisional Secretariat of the Anuradhapura District in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The objective in this research paper is to examine the pattern of the archaeological evidence scattered in the Ihala Kalawella Ulpatha and its environs. The methodology of this research is fourfold. First, a literature survey was carried out to understand the settlement history of the study area. Second, information on the physical and cultural landscape of the study area was obtained through a cartographic survey. Third, a field survey using exploration methods was used to retrieve data from the field. Pedestrian survey method is the primary exploration method used in the field survey. Eye observation is a vital data retrieval method to examine the archaeological data from the field. Fourth step of the methodology contains remote sensing approaches. The Global Positioning System (Magellan GPS receiver) and Geographic Information System (ArcGIS 10.3) software were used to obtain the absolute locations of the sites in the study area and analyse and interpret the spatial locational significances of the Ihala Kalawella Ulpatha and its vicinity. Approximately 1256 ha of physical area was examined in detail by the pedestrian survey for this purpose. Spatial analysis helped identify two main ancient settlement clusters in the location. Artefacts related to the cluster No. 01 showed more ancient evidences than the cluster No. 02. The settlement Cluster No. 01 is located in the vicinity of the Ihala Kalawella Ulpatha burial site which contains 28 cist burials. The results of the present study proved that the study area represents evidence from prehistory to late historical periods. Archaeological morphology of evidence attests that majority of them are related to the Early Iron Age Period. This region can be considered a continuous attractive region for the ancient inhabitants from prehistory to late historical periods.