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- ItemUsage of electronic information resources and guides provided in the library web page by the academic staff members of the Faculty of Arts(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-07-28) Dissanayake , H.N.K.Introduction Electronic information plays a major role as a source of information for academic communities in universities to support teaching, learning and research processes. Print forms of information sources such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, monographs, journals, newspapers and other types are being replaced by electronic counterparts. Readers sometimes prefer the e-version to print version due to various types of facilities such as searching, linking to other sources etc., The electronic information sources are accessible through the internet. The libraries subscribe to these e-resources and make them available to their patrons. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the usage of e- resources by students and staff of universities around the world, as well as in Sri Lanka and at Peradeniya. Sivathasan and Velnampy (2013) examine the use of electronic information in research and academic performance of university teachers. A case study in Jaffna University showed that the usage of e-resources has a strong positive association with academic performance of university teachers. In a study conducted by Chamara and Bodinayake (2015) on awareness and usage of e- resources of academic staff in Kelaniya University found that the academic staff members of Faculty of Science showed the highest awareness and usage of e-resources whilst the lowest was in the Faculty of Humanities. Dharmaratne (2014) concluded that the Arts academics underutilize the e-resources and services due to lack of awareness. Previous studies have shown the importance of e-information usage in academic activities and various reasons why academics are not using them effectively. The present study was conducted to find out the usage of e-resources given in the library web page by academics of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Peradeniya. The Web Development Committee of the University of Peradeniya decided to redevelop the university website in 2010. At this time, the library website was also developed according to the standards set by the University Web Committee. It was uploaded to the internet in May 2011. The electronic information provided by the library website was also arranged in a different format. The new site contains resources categorized according to their method of access to the library. The Digital library was also set up in 2011 and introduced to the web in the same year. The new library website has the online catalogue, e-resources (databases, INASP/PERI resources, free resources, websites) and the digital library. E-resources provided by an academic library are generally considered as more authoritative and credible than the information found via surface web and therefore the resources were carefully selected to be included in the library web page. The University Grants Commission consortium databases were not introduced at the inception of this study and therefore those were not included in this study. Methodology All the teaching staff categories attached to seventeen departments of the Faculty of Arts were selected for the study. The population was 216. Stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample from all seventeen departments and within the department the questionnaires were distributed randomly. 75% of the total population was selected for the sample. A structured questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. The questionnaire had closed-ended questions as well as a few open-ended questions. The response rate was 51.23%. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results and Discussion The respondents age groups were 20-25 (10.8%), 26-30 (31.3%), 31-40 (18%), 41-50 ( 20.5%), 51-60 (15.7%) and above 60 (3.61%), The majority of the respondents fall into the age group 26-30 years (31.3%). The frequency of visits to the library web page was once a week 46%, once in two weeks 18%, once a month 19%, once in six months 11%, once a year 25% and 4% do not visit. 58% of the academics were aware of the Digital Library in the library web page. 40% were not aware and 2% did not answer the question. 18% of the staff members use Annual Research Sessions, 40.9% use UoP journals, 26.5% use UoP Research and 6% use UoP Theses communities. 87.95 % of respondents have answered that they like to deposit their articles in the Digital Library. Only 4.8% respondents said that they do not wish to deposit their articles. 7.2% had not responded. Some of the suggestions given by the respondents were to conduct awareness programmes on digital library and to divide the content according to the subject. 81.9% of academic staff members use the subscribed e-journal databases given through the library web page. 78.31% (65 respondents) use JSTOR and 8.43 % use EBSCO. 67.69% of the 65 respondents use JSTOR for undergraduate teaching and 33.84% for postgraduate teaching and 90.76% for research work. 58.5 % JSTOR users use browse option and 72.3% users use search option to find information. Only 6.2 % respondents had set up their own accounts and 1.5 % use alert services provided by the publishers. 42.16% respondents said that the databases provided through the library web page are sufficient. 34.93% said that they need more databases. 22.89% had not responded. The suggested databases were Emerald, Data star, Dialogue, ERIC and Blackwell Synergy. INASP/PERI resources are provided by an organization called International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications. Symposium Journals (32.53%) and University of Chicago (30.12%) are the mostly used INASP/PERI resources. Open access journals and repositories are considered as free resources. 39.75% of respondents are aware about the open access concept. Wiley open journals (15.67%) and Sage open (21.68%) are the most used free e-journals given through the library web page. The computerized library catalogue provides two interfaces for users to search for resources in the library. The intranet interface is accessible only within the library and the Online Public Access Catalogue is provided through the library web page. 83.13 % of respondents use the catalogue via intranet. 54.21% respondents can find the resources by themselves. 8.4% can find their own information but sometimes get the help of a colleague. 10. 8% can find their own information but sometimes they get the help of the library staff. 63.85% of respondents use the online catalogue provided in the library web page. 53.01% of the respondents said that they need training to use the computerized catalogue and 57.83 % said that they need training to use e-journals. Conclusion Majority of the academic staff members visit the library web page more than once a month. Therefore they are familiar with the contents of the library web page. More than half of the respondents use the Digital Library and collections. Majority of the respondents are willing to deposit their articles in the Digital Library. JSTOR is highly used by academic staff members of the Faculty of Arts and they mainly use it for research work. The personalized services provided by the publisher like my account and setting alerts are used to a lesser extent by the staff members. The results show that the open access journals are not very popular among the academics. They prefer to use the open access journals published by reputed publishers than the other databases. More than half of the staff members have asked for training on OPAC and e-journals. Demonstrations and hands on training are the most effective ways to increase the awareness of e-resources. These training methods will be successful only if the academic staff members can find time to attend these programmes with their busy schedules. Leaflets, brochures and video clips also could be used to increase the awareness of e-information.
- ItemClassification of gem-bearing sedimentary deposits in the Kalu Ganga basin, South-Western Sri Lanka(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-07-28) Hewawasam , T.Introduction Sri Lanka is renowned for its production of precious gemstones over a long period of time. The gems are mainly extracted from secondary deposits of Rathnapura Beds in the Kalu Ganga Basin. These sedimentary deposits are filled on broad valleys of the Kalu Ganga Basin that are situated at the frontier between the “Sabaragamuwa Mountain Range” and the middle block of the “Central Highlands” of Sri Lanka (Figure 1). The stratigraphy of the Ratnapura Beds is very complex and their inherited sedimentalogical processes and chronological histories are not yet well known. A comprehensive study on sedimentalogical processes and chronological history on these deposits should be built on a detailed study on stratigraphy. A preliminary stratigraphy for the sedimentary deposits of the Ratnapura Beds was presented by Dahanayake et al., (1980) who suggested that fluvial processes are the mechanisms responsible for forming alluvial deposits. In contrast, Gunatilake (2007) proposed that basin-wide channelized landslides and debris flows are the dominant mechanisms in making these thick piles of alluvial deposits. However, only a comprehensive and systematic sedimentalogical study will disclose the exact nature of sediment delivery mechanisms to the alluvial fills at Ratnapura Beds. Hence, the construction of detailed stratigraphy of the Rathnapura Beds, a prerequisite for a comprehensive sedimentalogical and chronological study, is of high significance and the focus of this research. Methodology Dahanayake et al., (1980) have proposed that sedimentary gem deposits of Sri Lanka can be classified as residual, elluvial, and alluvial deposits, but their spatial distribution within the Kalu Ganga Basin is not explained. In this study, about 100 gem pits dispersed in the Kalu Ganga Basin were broadly observed to identify their depositional nature. Each pit was assessed visually to aid in interpretation of the sedimentation history. Out of them, 7 gem pits located in the lower catchment were selected to study their detailed stratigraphy (Figure 2). Mining of gems was in operation during the time of sampling, and so the walls of the main shaft were protected by timber and vegetation, limiting the number of sample positions. Therefore, samples were collected in all pits at regular depth intervals from 10cm to 40cm depending on accessibility. Samples were then used for grain size determination after burning of organic components. The percentages of clay, silt, sand and gravel (2mm-2cm) present in the layer were used to define a sedimentalogical term. Results and Discussion In general, gem minerals in the sedimentary deposits occur in the basal layer (locally known as the “illam” layer), which is a mixture of clay, silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles and boulders, immediately overlying weathered bed rock (locally called “malawa” layer). In some instances, additional gem-bearing layer(s) are found within the overlying alluvial fill depending on its location. Detailed observations of this study reveal that five types of gem-bearing secondary deposits occur in the Kalu Ganga basin with a spatial difference in their stratigraphy that is primarily determined by the elevation. In the upper catchment of the Kalu Ganga basin, the area where elevation is ca. 500m above, gem-bearing gravels are mined at two stratigraphic sections that were developed under different geomorphological settings. In this region, gem-bearing gravel layers are accumulated on the bottom of stream valleys and can be categorized as shallow alluvial deposits. In the upper catchment, gem minerals are also trapped on the hillslopes and occur as elluvial deposits developed on hillslopes. Similar to the upper catchment, alluvial deposits are developed on the stream valleys in the middle catchment of the Kalu Ganga Basin where the elevation ranges from ca. 100m to ca. 500m. Elluvial deposits are also characterized on the hillslopes in the middle catchment of Kalu Ganga Basin. The lower catchment of the Kalu Ganga basin where elevation is below ca. 100m is characterized by the presence of only one type of sedimentary deposits i.e. deep stream valley deposits, and can be termed as deep alluvial deposits. Mineralogical and textural studies revealed that these five types have distinct differences. Alluvial deposits found in the lower catchment of the Kalu Ganga basin are very deep, characterized by a number of strata, inhomogeneous in composition and texture indicating that they are formed by a series of geomorphological processes. These deposits should be influenced by sea level changes and climatic fluctuations in the region and will be ideal proxies for paleo-environmental and sea level change studies. Therefore, detailed studies were carried out in 7 selected alluvial deposits in the lower catchment of the Kalu Ganga Basin to investigative their textural characteristics. These alluvial deposits form as a result of weathering, hillslope transportation, fluvial transportation along the steeply flown rivers and then gemstone deposition in lower gradient settings. They are mainly found in ancient river beds, ancient flood plains and modern flood plains, typically close to tributaries and the main trunk of Kalu Ganga River. Generally, the gem-bearing layer, which contains coarse grains of quartz and rock fragments together with fine heavy minerals, occurs as a basal layer at the base of the section, immediately overlying weathered bedrock. In this study, the basal layer is interpreted to be mid-channel deposits in a palaeochannel bed formed on bedrock. A thick alluvial fill has accumulated subsequently overlying this basal layer. One or more coarse layers with gem potential, but with grain-sizes finer than those in the basal layer, are found within the alluvial fill (Figure 2). Conclusion Five types of sedimentary gem deposits can be observed in the Kalu Ganga basin. They are (i) elluvial deposits on the hillslopes, (ii) shallow alluvial deposits in the stream valleys of the upper region of the basin, (iii) elluvial deposits on the hillslopes in the middle region of the basin, (iv) alluvial deposits in the stream valleys of the middle region of the basin, and (v) deep alluvial deposits in the river valley of the lower catchment. Further, alluvial deposits in the stream valleys in the lower catchment were found to be most significant for paleo-climatic studies because their deposition pattern have responded to paleoclimatic fluctuations and sea level changes. In the alluvial deposits of lower catchment, the gem-bearing basal layer, deposited as a mid-channel deposit on the bedrock palaeochannel bed, can be clearly distinguished from the alluvial fill that has accumulated by deposition of suspended load. One or more coarser layers with gem potential also occur within the alluvial fill in the lower catchment, which can be recognized as fluvial mid-channel deposits overlying alluvium and/or point bar deposits. < map > Figure 1 Elevation model showing alluvial deposits in stream valleys of the lower catchment of the Kalu Ganga Basin and location of the seven gem pits sampled (within the rectangular box).
- ItemAn archaeological insight into the coastal (Karavita) tanks of Sri Lanka(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-07-28) Withanachchi, C.R.Introduction Sri Lanka’s irrigation system is a technical structure erected with the objective of fulfilling the challenges posed due to water scarcity in the dry zone. The main objective of our irrigation industry is fulfillment of water requirement in agriculture coupled with the idea of protection of the environment. Even in the present day, the dry zone of Sri Lanka has become a suitable place for habitation due to the impact created by huge tanks. The construction of tanks is done in order to save inland water. Though a number of scholars, R.L.Brohier, H.W.Codrington, C.W. Nicolas, Henry Parker have written about tanks in the coastal area, the object mentioned above has not been completely addressed by them. An important indicator of our ancient irrigation system are the Tanks in Sri Lanka. The construction of these tanks relates to the proto-historic period and terms such as Katakulu Wewa, Bandi Wewa, Biso Wewa, Kulu Wewa, Karavita Wewa were used according to their location, size and utility. The objective of this research is to analyze, from an archaeological perspective, the usefulness of small and medium size tanks called “Karavita tanks” and to explore the factors that led to their creation in proximity to the coastal areas. Research Methodology This research is based on field visits to the tanks situated in proximity to the coastal areas in the North-Western, Southern, South- Eastern, and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. Results & Discussion The main purpose in constructing the Karavita tanks which are either small or medium in size, was to prevent sea water from filtering through the soil from the coast to the land area. Karavita tank or Wewa hence means the bund which prevents sea water. When researching into the history of the Karavita tanks, the researcher noted that the tanks reconstructed by King Parakramabahu 1st, Karavitiya and Willaththawa Wapi ( MV. lxviii: 47) are important. The bunds of these two tanks run parallel to the coast which means that the water flow of the tank is directed towards the coast. A number of similar tanks have been constructed in the vicinity of the Karavita tank close to the coast in order to fulfill the above purpose. Similarly when looking at the smaller tanks in the Southern, South- Eastern, and Eastern coasts, there is evidence of human settlements around these tanks. Scattered pieces of clay pots can be found in these settlements and in addition there is evidence also of ancient Buddhist sites. The pieces of red clay pots excavated in this area hints to the fact that the history of these tanks dates back to the pre and proto-historic periods. Magama Kingdom of Ruhuna is formed purely as a kingdom in the coast. Ancient kingdoms such as Bowaththegala, Kotadamuhela, Seruwawila were also positioned close to coastal areas. These tanks which were built parallel to the coast helped the people in obtaining desalinated water for their agricultural needs. A large number of small tanks now in dilapidated condition, inside Yala and Kumana national parks are also fine examples. Karavita tanks were constructed in the dry coastal areas in the country to obtain water for agriculture. They helped in storing inland water and rain water. Inland water in these tanks were stored on an elevated level in comparison to the existing land level. This helped in absorbing the water to the ground below so that the inland water travels to the coast through the earth by pushing the salinity of water back towards the sea. This natural system helped in agricultural activity. One of the main factors that prove there were continuous settlements from the proto-historic times up to Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa periods was the functioning of these Karavita tanks during these periods. The Mahavamsa mentions that king Parakramabahu 1st during his reign as the leader of Dakkhina Desha and as the heir to throne made arrangements to construct tanks. This shows that the importance of the tanks was felt not only by the common man, but also by the rulers. Conclusion It is evident therefore that a small network of tanks called “Karavita” has created an environmentally friendly approach to reducing the salinity of underground water in the tanks in coastal areas. There are archaeological evidences to show that there were settlements in the coastal zones. Certain small Karavita tanks were upgrade to medium sized tanks by its users who realized the importance of their existence. However, a large number of these tanks are in a dilapidated condition since people are ignorant of the purpose behind these tanks. Certain tanks have been converted to agro lands and the salinity of water remains high in these areas. Karavita tanks function therefore as a fence which prevents the salt water from entering into the inside of the country.
- ItemEvicted for development: how do evictees understand eviction(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-07-28) Herath, D.Introduction Development forced displacement (DFD) can cause loss of rights, entitlements, livelihoods, and lead to the impoverishment of affected populations (Colson 2003; Crisp 1999; Harrell-Bond 1986; Oliver-Smith 1991). However, construction of large dams, reservoirs, airports, harbours, public buildings, hotels, roads, continue to occupy the central focus in development practice. Conventional wisdom suggests that development fosters greater benefit for society although a minority of displaced people would have to make some sacrifices. Often, policy makers, development practitioners, and corporate businesses think that development forced displacement is unavoidable and hence work only to minimize its adverse consequences. However, empirical evidence challenges this conventional wisdom. While the need for large scale development cannot be ruled out, there should be greater awareness of the extremely negative consequences on populations that are directly or indirectly displaced through development projects (Cernia 1997; Cernia 2000; Dwivedi, 1999; Mugaah 2008; Mehta 2008; Scudder 2005). Scudder (2009) shows that negative effects of DFD can be felt over an extended period of time, at times, much after development planners have determined that everything has been ‘successfully’ completed. Displacement in rural areas sometimes pushes the affected populations to migrate to cities and settle in places lacking facilities and means to support large numbers of migrants. Often this leads to the expansion or creation of new slums with inadequate basic amenities such as water, sanitation, health services, access to education etc. (Pavanello, Elhawary and Pantuliano, 2010). Development planners often prioritise large-scale development over small scale more sustainable projects, although the latter has the potential to generate as much gains as the larger projects. But Ooi Lin (2008) aptly observes that large-scale constructions more than sustainable alternatives symbolize modernization and progress. It is in this context that scholars and development practitioners must pay attention to policies that can safeguard the interest of development displacees. As argued by Mugaah (2008) Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement Regime (DIDR) is important to manage displacement and resettlement avoiding its debilitating consequences. Here, regime means the policies, standards, procedures etc., which have been adopted by governments and IFOs. There are global treaties, conventions and agreements, which form the basis of the DIDR (Cohen, 2004; COHRE 2014; Morvaridi, 2008). Methodology This paper draws on empirical data collected in Colombo from 2013- 2016 in the following locations hosting multi-storeyed housing complexes; Sinhapura, Sahaspura, Wadulu Sewana, Lunawa, Sirisarauyana and Mihidusenpura. Two slum communities, 17th lane and Halgahakumbura, were selected as control groups (non-DFDs). The research study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative data gathering and analytical tools. The researchers conducted about 50 in- depth interviews of key informants, group meetings, observations and a survey of 900 respondents. A grounded theory approach guides the analysis of qualitative data while statistical tests are used to analyse the survey data. Results and Discussion Slum communities, although occupying potentially prime lands, are physically and socially marginalized and suffer from a range of issues such as substandard infrastructure, low quality housing, rain water flooding, social stigma, relative absence of privacy, drug abuse, alcoholism, frequent verbal altercations, petty theft, trespassing etc. Parents are concerned about the suitability of the environment for children. Many are uncertain about their future, as evictions are a constant threat. The paper focuses on how these communities experience and reflect upon the displacement and resettlement process. Consultation The study finds serious problems in the process adopted by the government. In the six housing complexes that were studied, there was no evidence of a consultative process that provided information of the impending development projects; purpose of development, alternatives, time durations, benefits for people etc. The lack of consultation has resulted in design flaws, mismatches between life style and the housing design etc. Fairplay and Respect A lack of fairness in the approch of the government officials handing displacement and resettlement was also detected. Officials often gave people the impression that replacement housing was charitable work on the part of the government. The displaced demanded that they be treated decently, and wanted to be significant and equal players rather than destitutes of a development project. Understanding Heterogeneity The planners conceptualize slum dwellers as the poor who are squatters on government lands. This is however, incorrect as residents often have decent incomes, stable houses and other assets such as vehicles. Respondents emphasized that they have proper ownership of the properties. Compensation DFDR requires that evictees be compensated with replacement value not only for the land they part with but also for the structures and even vegetation in acquired land, even if there is no title for such lands. None of the projects studied in Colombo has fulfilled these best practices. Although people have been given new housing units, none of the relocated people have received deeds to their new property. For example, those in Sahaspura have waited 12 years to receive a deed and hence have absolutely no proof that they own the houses they live in. In the newer housing schemes, constructed within the last several years, the government has demanded that recipients pay for the new houses in multi-storeyed buildings. Officials believe that the ‘squatters’ should not be given ‘free’ houses. Use of Coercion Respondents accused the government of using indirect and direct force for eviction. Arbitrary decision making, at times, involving military officials and the use of force in evictions was observed. There was also evidence of indirect coercion; for example, people displaced from the Torrington area were given money for renting a house until construction of new houses was completed. Two years later rent money has been discontinued and the community was forced to accept new houses in Wanathamulla. Demolitions were carried out with the participation of security personnel. Loss of Assets and Services Resettled communities have lost certain assets, benefits and services they had enjoyed including access to prestigious schools in Colombo, easy access to transport, and proximity to employment etc. Further, services in the post-settlement phase have been poor. Collection of garbage has been a significant problem as is the dilapidated conditions of the drainage system. Grievance Redress The grievance redress mechanisms remain weak and many problems remain unaddressed for a long periods of time. Some people had resorted to legal actions but they feel that the judicial process under the previous regime was not a viable option due to the partiality of the courts.
- ItemA study of entrepreneur traits among students of womens' colleges in Madurai city(University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2016-07-28) Hema Malini A.; Ramakrishnan G.Introduction This study attempts to measure the existing levels of entrepreneurial skills in the students and also to suggest ways and means of motivating them in the classroom to respond to the needs of the time and to address the problem of unemployment in the country. The study focuses on women entrepreneurs as there is a growing realization regarding the potential contribution of small enterprises both in developed and developing countries. Due to their unique economic and organizational characteristics, small enterprises play an important economic, social and political role in employment creation, resource utilization, and income generation and in helping to bring about change in a gradual and peaceful manner. Khan (1997), in his work on women’s entrepreneurship, advocates that self exploration needs to be introduced in the first phase of training course to help potential women entrepreneurs imbibe entrepreneurial identity. Singla and Syal (1997) have classified the problems being faced by women entrepreneurs at different stages of their entrepreneurial career into three major categories i.e. problems related to project formulation, project implementation and project operations. The main and secondary objectives of the study are to ascertain the level of entrepreneurship traits among students of women’s colleges and to analyze the association between age, branches of study, family’s occupation etc and the level of entrepreneurial traits respectively. Methodology To achieve this goal, a survey of final year graduate women students was conducted. The colleges under study were Madurai Meenakshi Government College, Fatima College, Lady Doak College, Sourashtra Women’s College and EMG Yadava Women’s College all located in Madurai. Out of a total of 3100 final year students, 500 students (100 students from each college) were chosen randomly. The survey involved ten dimensions related to successful entrepreneurial traits – innovation, perseverance and hard work, leadership and motivating ability, need for achievement, risk taking ability, need for decision making, planning/foresight and problem solving, information seeking and receiving feedback, interpersonal skills and positive self- concept. Within these dimensions, several variables were included. Respondents were required to indicate their perceptions of these variables contributing to the existing level of successful entrepreneurial skills by way of awarding scores on a five point scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. In addition to the primary data questionnaire, required secondary data was collected from government agencies, books, magazines and journals. The statistical analysis was based on the following measures/tests: coefficient of variance (using its mean and standard deviation values), Kolmogorov-Smirnov one sample test (D Statistic), Krustat Wallis one- way Anova test or H Test, and the Mann Whitney U test . Results and Discussion Within the ‘innovation’ trait, the variable ‘making the best use of opportunities’ had the least coefficient of variance (38.70), followed by ‘having confidence even while doing the job for the first time’ (39.66) and ‘adventurous’ (41.01). Within the ‘perseverance and hardwork’ trait, the variable ‘not discouraged but ready for a tougher course’ displayed the least coefficient of variance (39.66), followed by ‘not studying for exams only’ (40.89) and ‘interest in extracurricular activities’ (41.24). Within the ‘leadership and motivating ability’ trait, the variable ‘taking the lead’ had the least coefficient of variance (37.27), followed by ‘not keeping quiet in the class, when the lecture lacks clarity’ (37.65) and ‘participating in Dept Seminar’ (40.63). Within the ‘need for achievement’ trait, the variable ‘putting up the stalls during celebrations’ indicated least coefficient of variance (33.23), followed by ‘enthusiasm to maintain records’ (41.94) and ‘participating in Dept Seminar’ (40.63). Within the ‘risk taking ability’ trait, the variable ‘trying lottery tickets’ had the least coefficient of variance (27.56), followed by ‘capable of taking risks in relationships’ (32.97) and ‘giving up studies if needed’ (37.50). Within the ‘decision making ability’ trait, the variable ‘capable of choosing daily wear’ had the least coefficient of variance (34.07), followed by ‘not taking a long time to select the subject for daily study’ (39.09) and ‘quick and prompt decision’(41.46). There is also no significant relationship between the branch of study and the entrepreneurial traits possessed by the respondents. Conclusion On the basis of these findings, the following suggestions are made: (1) the organizing of a women’s entrepreneurial cell in campus which motivates students towards proper entrepreneurial training. The more enthusiastic students can even be exposed to market opportunities to induce a taste for entrepreneurship. (2) The organizing of seminars/conferences to stimulate entrepreneurial skills (in addition to soft skills training). This could include banking orientation programmes and even parental support programmes. (3) The providing of more liberal education opportunities including entrepreneurship as a means to higher status, independence and empowerment. The existing college should be shaped into a high performing institution with commitment to help the potential entrepreneurs within the four walls of the institution just enough to unleash minds to create a sustainable future.