PGIHS-RC 2024

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https://ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/20.500.14444/4847

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The impact of AI-assisted tools on postgraduate students’ assignment preparation
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Lindakumbura, V.; Wijesundera, S.D.K.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools have emerged as a disruptive force in the new normal condition, significantly transforming various aspects of higher education. This study aims to explore the impact of AI-assisted tools in assignment writing in higher education, focusing on a state university. The main objectives were to identify the AI tools used for assignment preparation, understand how these tools were applied in writing assignments, find out the students' and teachers' views on using AI tools for assignment writing, and find out implications for assessment practices in postgraduate studies. A case study approach was adopted, focusing on postgraduate students from a state university. A sample of 100 postgraduate students was selected from a single program in two consecutive years, and 15 lecturers were selected. Data were gathered through questionnaires, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive methods, and the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study's findings emphasized that the primary purpose of assignments is to evaluate how far students have acquired the learning outcomes of a specific course, foster self-learning, and offer practical opportunities to apply theoretical concepts. At the university, students were assessed through written assignments, presentations, and videos. In preparation for these tasks, students use AI-assisted tools such as writing and editing tools, research and note-taking tools, presentation and visualization tools, and creative tools (ChatGPT, Quill Bot, Grammarly, Jenny AI, Gemini, Tutor AI, Microsoft Copilot, Canva). The findings of the study revealed that 93% of students were using AI-assisted tools in writing assignments and preparing presentations and videos. The students were of the view that the use of AI-assisted tools had shown positive effects, enabling them to collect information efficiently, demonstrate language fluency with grammar checkers, and synthesize or paraphrase content with ease. Moreover, they believed that assignment writing is tedious and time-wasting. As a result, they depend on AI-assisted tools for assignment preparation. However, 12 lecturers expressed concerns about the negative impact on students' critical thinking and creativity. Therefore, the lecturers faced critical issues in evaluating those assignments. In conclusion, while AI tools can enhance efficiency, improper usage can hinder students' intellectual development. Therefore, lecturers should try to evaluate Higher Order Thinking (HOT) skills when designing assignments. Students should be advised on the appropriate ethical use of AI-assisted tools, and AI detectors should be introduced to the university to mitigate the negative impact on fair and accurate assessment of students' work.
Digital diplomacy for small states: comparative insights from Estonia and Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Ranasinghe, C.B.K.
This study explores how Estonia, a small Baltic state with a population of just over 1.3 million, has effectively employed digital diplomacy to expand its influence in international relations. The primary objective is to examine Estonia’s strategic use of digital tools, including its advanced e-governance platform, pioneering cybersecurity measures, and solid online diplomatic presence. These initiatives have allowed Estonia to enhance its global standing and project soft power despite its limited size and resources. This research employs a qualitative case study approach to achieve these aims, drawing on a thorough analysis of Estonia’s digital diplomacy initiatives. Sources include official documents, various digital platforms, and Estonia’s active participation in international forums. In addition to focusing on Estonia, this study compares Sri Lanka, a South Asian nation, which although less advanced in digital adoption than Estonia, has made significant strides in digital governance. Sri Lanka aims to strengthen its international profile through increased digital engagement and outreach. By contrasting Estonia’s e-residency program, digital identity initiatives, and advocacy for global digital rights with similar emerging efforts in Sri Lanka, this research provides valuable insights into how small states across different regions can strategically utilize technology to attract foreign investment, build international partnerships, and enhance their diplomatic influence. The findings of this study reveal that Estonia has successfully leveraged its digital capabilities to overcome the traditional diplomatic limitations of smaller states. Estonia’s proactive approach has established it as a key player in international discussions on cybersecurity, enabling it to influence policy and set standards that align with its national interests. While Sri Lanka operates at a different developmental stage, its initiatives further underscore the potential for digital diplomacy to empower small states. Ultimately, the study concludes that Estonia’s innovative approach to digital diplomacy serves as an inspiring model for other small states, including Sri Lanka, seeking to increase their influence on the global stage. By strategically embedding digital tools into their foreign policies, small states can not only participate effectively in international affairs but also take on leadership roles in shaping global relations.
Is inclusive education helpful with children with autism spectrum disorder?
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Rodrigo, B.K.L.A.M.
Although there is an 'education for all' policy, it is essential for policymakers, educational ministries, and other governing bodies to ensure effective implementation. According to the Annual School Census of Sri Lanka 2020 Report by the Ministry of Education, there are 1,195 special education units in the Colombo district, but specifics about their inclusive programs remain unclear. The "Towards a New Education Act" report estimates that around 20% of schoolaged children have special educational needs. Globally, it is estimated that 1 in 160 children has Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), with prevalence increasing over the past 50 years (Epidemiology Unit, SL 2019). This qualitative study examines the educational experiences of students with ASD aged 6 to 16 years (grades 1- 11) within the inclusive education setting. The research involved 30 teachers with experience in inclusive educational settings for students with ASD, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed including coding and thematic analysis. This research aimed to determine whether inclusive education in mainstream classrooms is effective for students with ASD. In Sri Lanka, challenges in implementing inclusive education include limited resources, insufficient teacher training, and inadequate infrastructure. Teachers often lack the necessary skills and support to effectively cater to diverse learning needs, impacting the quality of education for students with special needs (Gunawardena & Perera, 2021). Additionally, societal attitudes and perceptions about disability can further hinder the successful integration of students with ASD into mainstream classrooms. The findings highlight an urgent need for reform in the education system to better accommodate students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Seven themes have been identified as features affecting inclusion of students with ASD into mainstream classrooms such as severity of ASD, age of student with ASD, features of educator, classroom set-up, support from school, the relationship between the student and the school, and the question whether Inclusive Education is helpful. The coding process was carried out after the interviews, making it an inductive coding method, wherein the codes were decided on only after the data was gathered. These factors are explored in detail to understand the gap between the theoretical framework and practical implementation of inclusive education.
Influence of Nurti music on Sri Lankan music culture
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Meddegoda, M.L.N.P.; Alawathukotuwa, M.S.B.
Diverse musical traditions and elements have fostered the history of Sri Lankan music culture. One such traditional art form is Nurti, which was influenced by musical dramas that originated in Bombay during the last decades of the 19th century. Nurti captivated Sri Lankan audiences with its melodramatic style, featuring plots based on myths and imagination, as well as new dramatic techniques, stage designs, costumes, and songs with melodies rooted in Hindustani music. C. Don Bastian was the dramatist who staged the play called ‘Rolina’ (a story of a heroic princess who saves her prince’s life) in 1877, following the melodramatic style. Soon after this, these plays became known as Nurti among Sri Lankans and gained popularity with local audiences. Nurti could be seen as the first milestone that led to the taste for Hindustani Ragadhari music launched among Sri Lankan listeners. It also introduced the first structured song form to Sinhala music, basically the Sthai and Antara structure. Nurti melodies were soon incorporated into the hitherto national music tradition. The objective of this study is to analyze the promotion of the Nurti tradition in Sri Lanka and its effects on the sphere of Sri Lankan music in light of the perspectives of Buddhist Nationalism. In this abstract, we argue how the social, cultural, and historical contexts of musical practice in Sri Lanka may lead to the growth of some perceptions through the Nurti art form by analyzing various opinions and statements about the meaning of musical behavior. This study aims to provide a more detailed picture of the cultural relationships that are nurtured and practiced in Sri Lankan music and to support the development of academically driven music criticism in Sri Lanka. Qualitative musical analysis has been used as the primary approach for this study. Data was collected through academic sources, grey literature, open-ended interviews, participant observations, and auto ethnography.
Impact of Sri Lanka's economic crisis on the public healthcare system: Case studies in selected towns in Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Nipunika, J.M.J.; Nifla, A.H.M.F.; Gray, E. Ø.; Tenvik, B.E.J.; Hallstensen, I.; Balakrishna, A.
Sri Lanka’s public health sector has achieved significant progress, particularly in reducing infant and maternal mortality, child malnutrition and increasing life expectancy, positioning it favorably among developing nations regarding health outcomes. However, the economic recession precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022), followed by a prolonged financial crisis since 2022, has severely strained the healthcare system. The resultant reduction in government healthcare spending has intensified preexisting vulnerabilities and restricted access to essential services, placing considerable pressure on Sri Lanka’s healthcare infrastructure. As a result, Sri Lanka’s healthcare system is now under substantial pressure. In this context, an important research question arises: to what extent has the economic crisis affected Sri Lanka’s healthcare sector? This study investigates the impact of the financial crisis on healthcare delivery, specifically focusing on the availability of medical resources and the challenges faced by healthcare providers and patients. The study was conducted in selected towns in Sri Lanka, categorized by healthcare facility levels: Colombo and Kandy (high), Puttalam and Galle (moderate), and Nuwara Eliya (lower). Using qualitative methods, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 75 individuals through snowball sampling and 26 Key Informant Interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals. Data were transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed to elucidate the relationship between the economic crisis and healthcare delivery. The findings reveal five key areas of healthcare disruption due to the economic crisis: shortages of essential medicines and equipment, forcing patients to seek private options; compromised care quality and treatment delays from resource limitations; decreased public healthcare utilization, imposing financial strain on low-income families; reduced access to specialized services, affecting marginalized populations; and widening healthcare disparities, especially for those unable to afford private care. Immediate interventions are necessary to reinforce the healthcare system, secure essential services, and promote public-private partnerships and international collaborations.
“I don’t understand, Hamadoru”: Jungle law vs colonial law in Leonard Woolf’s Village in the Jungle
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Kodithuwakku, M.
The legal cases storied in Leonard Woolf’s A Village in the Jungle (1913) represent the imbalances of power between the colonizer and colonized during the British colonial period. Woolf’s novel has been previously explored, primarily focussing on its critique of empire and its representations of (hostile) nature. The objective of this paper is to study the courtroom scenes of the trials in the novel – for theft and murder – for the ways in which they depict the power dynamics between the colonizer and colonized and the inequities in the colonial system from an interdisciplinary perspective of law and literature. Thus, this paper closely reads the courtroom scenes, informed by the texts’ overarching narrative, together with Woolf’s diaries and autobiography, through a postcolonial perspective. The analysis of the trials in the novel reveals the judiciary’s alienation from/of the people, voiced by the accused men’s frequent assertions that they do not understand the legal proceedings. Thus, the alienation of the marginalized within the colonizers’ courtroom demonstrates the inequities and imbalances of power during the British colonial period. The narrativity of law – explicit in its dependence on storying – leads the judiciary to be manipulated by those in power, as when the magistrate is forced to apply the law even whilst unconvinced of the story offered in court. The novel demonstrates how the judicial system imposes particular narrative identities on the protagonists, divorced from their lived realities, in line with Paul Ricoeur’s theory of narrative identity, of individual identity being constructed through storying. Reading the courtroom scenes through Ricoeur’s concept, the analysis highlights the disjuncture between the colonial judicial process and peoples’ lived realities. While Babun and Silindu’s narratives are appropriated and manipulated by the headman in the first trial, the judiciary fails to consider the realities leading up to the murder in the second trial, captured in the magistrate’s suspicion of protracted provocation. These demonstrate how judicial authority was manipulated and the powerless subjugated by those in power. Thus, the court is represented as a(nother) tool of colonial oppression rather than an arbiter of justice. Moreover, Woolf’s critique of the judicial system echoes his anti-imperial stance through his representation of the trials. Finally, this paper’s analysis highlights the literature’s capacity to both narrate the complexities and inequities of the colonial judicial system as well as humanize legal actors through the novel’s exploration of the colonial judicial process.
Right to education in Sri Lanka: Constitutional blindness and judicial blind alleys
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) De Silva, H.I.
Sri Lanka takes considerable pride in its free education system, largely attributed to the Kannangara reforms and subsequent legal measures that mandate compulsory education from the ages of five to sixteen. These reforms have significantly improved enrolment rates and literacy levels, positioning Sri Lanka as a leader in educational performance within South Asia. Sri Lanka has also been a signatory to several international instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which recognizes the right to education as an inherent entitlement of every human being. These instruments hold state parties accountable for ensuring the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability of education to realize the full development of the human personality. Nonetheless, it is ironic that the Fundamental Rights Chapter of the Sri Lankan Constitution has not yet recognized education as an enforceable right. Despite this constitutional gap, the Supreme Court, in a series of cases, has used Article 12 -the 'Right to Equality' to incorporate the 'Right to Education' as an enforceable right of the citizens of Sri Lanka. This paper critically examines the judiciary's interpretation of the right to education and evaluates how judicial intervention has constrained this right relative to international standards. The analysis argues that judicial interpretation has reduced the right to merely 'Equal Access to Education' rather than encompassing a more comprehensive right that includes all its dimensions. This limited interpretation has, in effect, eased the state's legal obligations regarding essential aspects of the Right to Education, such as acceptability referring to the quality and relevance of education—and adaptability addressing the need for education to respond to societal changes. Through doctrinal research methods, this study employs qualitative data from primary and secondary legal sources. It assesses the judicial stance by analyzing Supreme Court decisions on the Right to Education since the 1978 Constitution, compared with the broader scope of the right outlined in international instruments to which Sri Lanka is a signatory. Through comparative analysis, the paper emphasizes the necessity of thoroughly incorporating the right to education, to fully develop the human personality.
Exploring the determinants of academic anxiety among undergraduate students: A comprehensive literature review
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Udayakumari, L.A.M.H.P.; Samarakoon Banda, H.M.
Academic anxiety is an inescapable issue across various educational levels, including elementary, secondary, and tertiary institutions, with a growing number of students reporting stress, worry, and distress related to their academic performance. Different research demonstrated that academic anxiety adversely impacts both the mental well-being and academic success of adolescents. Indicators of this anxiety often include difficulties with concentration, information retention, and exam performance, which can lead to broader mental health challenges such as depressive symptoms and diminished self-esteem. Additionally, academic anxiety is associated with disrupted sleep patterns, the development of eating disorders, and physical and mental exhaustion. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of academic anxiety among undergraduate students. It uses a thematic analysis within the systematic framework to analyze existing studies on academic anxiety, thereby identifying prevalent factors and their implications for mental health in academic settings. The review targeted journals based on inclusion and exclusion criteria; the researcher focused on articles published from 2010 to 2024. Recent publications were prioritized to ensure relevance. A systematic search was performed using Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Scopus, and Tandfonline with keywords such as ‘academic anxiety,’ ‘stress academic,’ and ‘undergraduate students.’ Out of the journals identified, 35 met the criteria for discussing factors affecting academic anxiety. The selection process involved filtering based on titles, abstracts, and the inclusion of both qualitative and quantitative research. The review involved a five-week search for relevant articles written in English. The findings revealed that academic anxiety extends to various dimensions of educational institutions in the form of academic stress, low self-efficacy, and gender differences, and is a primary driver contributing to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Low self-efficacy is closely associated with increased anxiety as students with reduced confidence experience heightened stress. Gender differences indicate that female students generally report higher levels of anxiety compared to their male counterparts. Additional factors, such as bullying, technology use, and poor sleep quality, further worsen the anxiety level among undergraduate students. This review underscores the need for further research and the evaluation of intervention strategies to effectively address the complexities of academic anxiety, particularly among junior high school adolescents and university undergraduates.
A critical study on the impact of Raguvamisam on the educational heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Cumaran, E.; Raguparan, K.
The Raguvamisam, one of the Tamil epics in Sri Lanka by Arasakesari, was composed during the period of the kings of Jaffna. It was written by adopting the major epic Raguvamsam by Kalidasa in Sanskrit. Arasakesari is believed to be a descendant of the Aryachakravarthy Dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Jaffna. This epic consists of three cantos, twenty-six chapters, and two thousand four hundred and four verses in Virtutham meter. The history, valor, and generosity of the twenty-nine kings who belonged to the Solar dynasty are expounded in this epic. Among them, the history of the Kings Ragu, Ayan, Thileepan, Dasarathan, Raman, and Kusha are elaborately related in this epic. The challenging diction and the style utilized in this epic would demand deep contemplation even for scholars who are well-versed in traditional poetry. However, this epic secured importance during the nineteenth and the early decades of the twentieth centuries. It was ardently studied and discussed among traditional scholars and students. Besides, it was included as a textbook in the traditional educational heritage. Therefore, it is necessary to study the reason for the in-depth learning of this epic and its influence on the educational and literary heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils. But so far, only a few primary and introductory studies have been conducted on Raguvamisam. They just deal with the background of its composition and structure. This study aims to comprehend the impact of the first Tamil epic, Raguvamisam, on the educational heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils. This study is based on the descriptive methodology encompassing the analytical and comparative methods to identify and evaluate the impact of this epic. The epic Raguvamisam and its commentary are taken as primary sources. Literary appreciation notes and articles on Raguvamisam and previous studies on the educational heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils are taken as secondary sources. The findings indicate that the inclination to prioritize the first Sri Lankan Tamil epic, sound knowledge of Sanskrit, and the influence of the epic Ramayanam are the prominent reasons for the intensive reading of this epic. Therefore, Raguvamisam was included in the curriculum of the traditional educational heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils, and commentaries and appreciation notes were written abundantly. Besides, it was paraphrased by some scholars in prose, and its influence could be traced to the subsequent literary compositions composed in the following years.
The study of dukkha (suffering) with reference to the Pali Buddhist tradition
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Vicitta
This research aims to establish a connection between the greatest level of dukkha and taṇhā (craving). Therefore, the study strongly emphasizes that the utilization of dukkha serves as a solid foundation for the practice of vipassanā. This study provides information on the practice of vipassanā meditation for individuals seeking the ultimate truth and the cessation of suffering. Moreover, the objective of this study is to demonstrate how Buddhist teachings address the concept of suffering from a soteriological point of view. The early Buddhist concept of Dukkha within Pali Buddhist tradition is categorized under the Fourth Noble Truth (cattāri ariyasaccāni); at this point, it is said that “Birth is suffering, aging is suffering, illness is suffering, death is suffering; union with what is displeasing is suffering; separation from what is pleasing is suffering; not getting what one wants is suffering; in a nutshell, the five aggregates that are subject to clinging are suffering.” Moreover, to practice meditation about dukkha, the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta proves three kinds of dukkha: an unpleasant feeling (dukkha), an unpleasant feeling of the flesh (sāmisa-dukkha), and an unpleasant feeling not of the flesh (nirāmisa-dukkha). Contrary to the above statement, which is posited in the Dhammacakkappa-vattana Sutta and the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta, the Visuddhimagga further illustrates three aspects of suffering: dukkha as ordinary suffering (dukkha-dukkha); dukkha as produced by change (vipariṇāma dukkha); and dukkha as conditioned states (saṅkhāradukkha). In this case, the question that needs to be answered is:“What kind of dukkha (suffering) needs to be generated to break out of the cycle of rebirth?” and to realize the path, fruit, and Nibbāna. To answer this question, the current study will adapt qualitative and descriptive analysis within the theoretical framework of Buddhist teaching.
Leveraging Facebook as a supplementary educational tool in advanced level communication and media studies: a case study of two students
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Wijayakoon, W.M.M.B.B.
Integrating social media platforms into educational contexts presents promising opportunities to enhance teaching and learning experiences. This research explores the effectiveness of using Facebook, alongside artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as Natural Radar software and video tutorials, as supplementary resources for advanced-level (A/L) communication and media studies. Through a case study involving two A/L students (a first-time candidate and a repeat candidate), this study investigates the impact of the “University of Communication Sri Lanka” Facebook page on student engagement, interaction, and learning outcomes in communication and media studies education. Facebook, as a widely accessible social media platform, facilitates communication, collaboration, and knowledge dissemination. It extends learning beyond traditional classroom settings in educational contexts, fostering dynamic interactions between students and educators. A literature review highlights the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating Facebook into A/L communication and media studies. Benefits include increased engagement and peer interaction within a familiar and user-friendly environment, while dedicated groups or pages provide asynchronous communication and continuous learning opportunities, enhancing digital literacy. However, challenges such as privacy concerns, digital distractions, and unequal access to technology necessitate strategic mitigation. This study addresses three key research questions: 1) How do students perceive the integration of the “University of Communication Sri Lanka” Facebook page into their studies? 2) How does this integration impact their engagement and comprehension of subject content? 3) What challenges and opportunities arise from this integration? Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research incorporates qualitative and quantitative data collection methods, including surveys, interviews, and an analysis of student interactions on the Facebook page. Data analysis employs thematic analysis for qualitative insights and descriptive statistics for quantitative findings. The results provide valuable insights into best practices for leveraging Facebook, AI tools, and video tutorials in A/L communication and media studies education, offering strategies to enhance student engagement, comprehension, and overall learning outcomes.
Anthropogenic impacts and conservation strategies for the sparrow jungle wetland ecosystem in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Mathitheepan, S.; Jasdeepan, T.
The Sparrow Jungle Ecosystem in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, is located between approximately 9.7213° to 9.7392° N latitude and 80.1705° to 80.2030° E longitude. This critical habitat supports diverse flora and fauna, including endemic and migratory bird species and various aquatic species. Due to these unique habitats and species, the Sparrow Jungle Wetland is a popular recreational site, attracting educational trips and tourists across Jaffna. However, wetland ecosystems and sanctuaries are underrepresented in the Jaffna Peninsula despite its ecological importance. Anthropogenic pressures have disrupted the ecosystem's balance and compromised its essential services. This case study aims to identify these critical threats and propose effective conservation strategies to preserve the ecosystem's integrity and ensure long-term sustainability. The study was conducted over three months, from March to May 2024, in the designated study area. Primary data were collected through direct field observations, structured questionnaires administered to 50 randomly selected households, five face-to-face interviews with residents from the surrounding area, and discussions with relevant government agencies, including the local council, Environmental Authority, Department of Wildlife Conservation, and Northern Province Tourism Board. The secondary data were gathered from books, research papers, statistics, annual reports of relevant departments, and authorized websites. This data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics Computer software. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the percentages. The results indicate that 33% of respondents identified illegal waste dumping as the primary threat, followed by agricultural expansion (20%), development projects (17%), and livestock grazing (15%). Additional activities, such as hunting, firewood harvesting, and sand mining, were also observed. These human activities contribute to habitat loss, the reduction of mangrove forests, and wetland contamination. Urgent conservation actions are needed to protect the Sparrow Jungle Wetland Ecosystem from human-induced threats. A holistic approach, integrating local knowledge, sustainable practices, and strict regulations, is key to preserving its ecological integrity. Designating protected zones will reduce habitat destruction, while community involvement enhances stewardship. Stricter waste and pollution controls are vital for water quality. Collaboration between national and local councils is essential to declare the area a wetland sanctuary and promote eco-tourism.
Enhancing undergraduate speaking skills through a blended learning approach
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Fernando, W.W.A.P.H.
The present study investigates the effectiveness of the Blended Learning approach combined with Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) principles in developing undergraduate students' speaking skills in Sri Lanka. CLT emphasizes meaningful communication and interaction during the process of language learning, and blended learning is an approach that combines traditional face-to-face mode of instruction with online modes of learning. A mixed-method research design was followed, involving quantitative and qualitative data collection. Further, pre- and post-speaking test marks were used for the quantitative data collection, and the tests were conducted for 50 undergraduates from the University of Kelaniya to measure their speaking proficiency. The undergraduates were divided into two groups, which consisted of 25 participants per group. The traditional teaching method was used for the control group, and the blended learning approach and CLT followed the experimental group. The qualitative data was obtained from published and unpublished articles and semistructured interviews with 10 ESL lecturers on their perceptions of how this blended learning approach enhanced speaking skills among the students. Moreover, classroom observations were conducted for an entire month to explore the progression of the experimentation group. The results showed that the proposed blended learning approach with CLT principles remarkably improved undergraduate students' speaking ability, and they had positive attitudes towards the new learning method in the Sri Lankan university context. The two modes of instruction, including face-to-face and online, facilitated the acquisition of plenty of authentic practice opportunities and feedback by the learners where they have improved their communicative skills. The interviews of the lecturers further supported this approach. They stressed that such an approach has immense potential in increasing the engagement, motivation of the students, and overall development of the language skills. In conclusion, it can be mentioned that the results obtained from this study will contribute to the literature on language teaching methodologies and blended learning. Hence, it is expected that integrating CLT and blended learning can be useful in higher educational settings in developing speaking skills. In addition, further research is needed to test the effectiveness of this approach and to see its applicability in diverse language learning contexts.
The intersection of Buddhist epistemology and cognitive counselling: A deep dive into the Brahmajala Sutta’s critique of philosophical views
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Ukwatta, S.V.S.; Herath, H.M.M.
The Brahmajāla Sutta of the Dīgha Nikāya offers profound insights into cognitive distortions that shape wrong views, leading to psychological unrest. It outlines 62 wrong views arising from fundamental cognitive misperceptions of reality, resulting in individuals confusing untruths with truths and vice versa, causing mental confusion and distress. This research investigates how the Brahmajala Sutta addresses cognitive errors and proposes corrective measures through the Buddhist concept of right understanding (sammā-diṭṭhi). The primary research problem is exploring how Sutta’s critique of wrong views can be applied to modern counseling theories focusing on cognitive distortions. The hypothesis posits that Sutta’s cognitive aspects can serve as tools for counseling by addressing the root causes of wrong views and psychological unrest, ultimately leading to clearer perceptions and mental well-being. Using a textual analysis methodology, this study examines Sutta’s content through the lens of cognitive counseling theories, comparing it with modern practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Sutta’s counseling theory emphasizes correcting wrong views, similar to CBT’s approach of identifying and rectifying faulty thinking patterns. However, while Western cognitive approaches focus on alleviating mental distress and improving daily functioning, the Buddhist approach in the Brahmajala Sutta aims at a deeper transformation—leading individuals to ultimate liberation from suffering (Nibbāna). The Western cognitive approach, pioneered by Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis, primarily targets cognitive distortions related to individual well-being, such as anxiety and depression, aiming to restructure thoughts for healthier cognitive functioning. In contrast, the Buddhist approach addresses the nature of existence itself, aiming to transcend suffering by eliminating the root causes of cognitive distortions— craving, aversion, and ignorance. Thus, while both approaches address cognitive errors, the Buddhist method seeks a profound transformation toward enduring mental liberation. The Brahmajala Sutta, by emphasizing right understanding, provides a timeless framework for integrating Buddhist and modern cognitive counseling practices to address both psychological and existential concerns.
Abandoning the gap: Analyzing the decline of male students in university admissions in Sammanthurai education division
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Azsam, A.R.; Rumais, M.N.M.
The underrepresentation of male students in university admissions within the Sammanthurai Divisional Education office has emerged as a significant educational challenge, raising concerns about gender disparities in academic achievement. This study investigates the multifaceted factors contributing to the decline in male university enrollments through a mixed-methods research approach, integrating quantitative analysis of admission data with qualitative insights from interviews and focus groups. Focusing on seven mixed-gender schools within the Sammanthurai Division, the research study conducted separate interviews with school principals, counselors, and male students and had independent discussions with parents. A total of 70 male students were surveyed, with insights gathered from ten students from each school. Additionally, 30 female students from the same schools were surveyed to explore gender dynamics in educational aspirations. Independent interviews with the Divisional Education Director, local religious leaders, and parents provided further context to the findings. The analysis reveals that economic pressures and entrenched family responsibilities significantly deter male students from pursuing higher education. Many feel compelled to seek immediate employment to support their families, prioritizing short-term income over long-term academic pursuits. Cultural perceptions regarding the value of vocational training compared to university education, urbanization, and peer influences also contribute to this trend. Interestingly, female students often pursue higher education in search of limited job opportunities, highlighting a significant gender dynamic within the region. Quantitative data indicates a 25% decrease in male university admissions over the past five years, underscoring the widening gender gap in educational attainment. By identifying these contributing factors, the research seeks to provide evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, educators, and community leaders to boost male student retention and promote equitable educational outcomes in the Sammanthurai region. Ultimately, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic and cultural factors influencing educational dynamics.
Landslide exposure analysis in the Ganethanna Grama Niladhari division (ggnd) of the Kegalle district
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Walpita, L.S.; Udupihilla, K.M.S.U.; Nianthi, R.
A landslide is a common and critical disaster in Sri Lanka, devastatingly impacting human activities and the physical environment. As a developing country, identifying landslide risk and vulnerability in Sri Lanka is crucial as it can influence future development activities and disaster mitigation programs. This study analyses landslide vulnerability in the GGND within the Mawanella divisional secretariat division of the Kegalle district. The study’s main objectives are to examine the risk and vulnerability of landslides in the Pahala Kadugannawa area and to identify existing structural and non-structural mitigation practices. Primary data were collected through interviews with different stakeholders, including exposure families and field observations, while secondary data were obtained from the Disaster Management Centre and the National Building Research Organization. Digital thematic maps were produced based on the most significant causative factors: slope, soil, and land use. A landslide hazard map for GGND was created using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis method, which assigned weightage to each factor and ranked them. According to this map, lands classified by landslide hazard in the Ganethanna are categorized as safe slopes (19%), areas with low likelihood of landslides (23%), moderate landslide hazard (22%), and areas where landslides are expected (36%). A significant portion of the land is classified as “areas where landslides are expected.” The Pahala Kadugnnawa and Hingula areas are highly vulnerable to landslides due to their high settlement and road densities. The NBRO and Road Development Authority are implementing both short-term and long-term mitigation measures in Hingula. Short-term measures include covering cracks in the upper slopes, introducing surface drainage systems, and construction of horizontal drains on the downslope of unstable zones. The long-term measures involve building a retaining wall, soil nailing, horizontal drains, and chemical blasting significantly in the lower part of the Paramitha International Buddhist Meditation Centre and the upper part of the tourist viewpoint. These mitigations are implemented by Finex Engineering Pvt. Ltd. and RR Constructions Pvt Ltd. under the guidance of Kegalle NBRO. The study recommends initiating reforestation, and preserving vegetation in the upper parts of the exposure area, enhancing community awareness, and conducting community-based mapping. Performing landslide hazard assessments with exposure families, local businesses, and other communities helps to identify vulnerable zones, protected areas from landslides, and safe evacuation routes. These mitigation measures help prevent human and physical environmental damage from landslides in Ganethanna.
Girimānanda sutta as an audio-visual and mindfulness breathing therapeutic tool for reducing pain and anxiety of diseases
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Abeywardana, C.; Kaluarachchi, A.S.; Hettigoda, K.
Diseases are alarming issues and cause tremendous pain and suffering in living beings in the world. Box breathing is a powerful Western relaxation technique that helps relax the body's unbeatable mind and reduce anxiety. Emerging research is exploring non-invasive and low-cost interventions for diseases. The purpose of reciting Pirith is to protect living beings from all disasters, all pains, and all fears. It is believed that the recital of Pirith verses is soothing to the nerves and induces mental and physical balance using the six senses of humans. The Girimānanda Sutta of the Aṅguttara Nikāya contains 'Dasa saññā' which includes mindfulness of in-breathing and out-breathing, called Ānāpānasati. Girimānanda Thera was cured of grave illness after engaging in virtuous behaviour. The objective of this study was to determine the Buddhist ritual performance in healing and promoting physical and mental health issues. The research methodology is a quasi-experimental intervention. Ethical approval was obtained from the research council of the University of Kelaniya. The sample size was 40 subjects who were diagnosed with 2nd and 3rd-stage oral cancer. Oral cancer patients were recruited from oral and maxillofacial units in District General Hospital - Gampaha. Participants were facilitated to hear Pirith verses in Low frequency (70Hz-150Hz) using headphones for 35 minutes. Sinhala and English meanings of Pirith verses and pictures were displayed on a screen simultaneously. Pain relief reduction of anxiety levels in the individuals was assessed after exposing them to repetitive Pirith sounds and vowel sounds (control group) in three sessions (before the intervention, immediately after, three days after, and one week after). Anxiety and stress were assessed using visual analog, DASS, and biological parameters such as blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. Moods were measured using a Mood Baro-meter in which they were asked to rate their mood (0-10). Results showed a significant improvement in mood (2 to 7) and a reduction in subjective pain (6 to 3) after the intervention. These findings imply that repetitive Pirith blessings could be utilized as an effective, non-invasive, non-pharmacological, low-cost audio-visual and mindfulness of inbreathing and out-breathing therapeutic tool.
The integration of the Noble Eightfold Path for sustainable living: Practical approaches and insights
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Rev. Pham Thi My, Dung (Lien Vien); Premasiri, P.D.
This paper explores the application of the Noble Eightfold Path—a central teaching in Buddhism—to sustainable living, emphasizing the integration of ethical conduct (sīla), mental culture (samādhi), and wisdom (paññā) into practices that support environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic viability. The study provides a comprehensive overview of how the Noble Eightfold Path guides individuals and communities toward harmoniously enhancing the quality of living with the environment while fostering inner peace, ethical integrity, and sustainable development. The primary objective of this study is to investigate how the ethical, mental, and wisdom-based elements of the Noble Eightfold Path can be pragmatically applied to enhance sustainable living. Moreover, the researcher examines the relevance of Buddhist ethical concepts to sustainable practices and highlights the role of mental concentration (samādhi) in building resilience and composure. In addition, this research investigates how the concept of wisdom (paññā) promotes sustainable behavior of individuals. The study adopts a qualitative research approach by integrating textual analysis with contemporary works on sustainability and ethical living. In particular, Buddhist ethical concepts such as kusala/akusala and puñña/pāpa shall be examined in seeking practical applications. The benefits of mental concentration (samādhi) and the role of emotional intelligence in sustainability are analyzed through a literature review and comparative analysis. This research concludes that the Noble Eightfold Path provides a powerful and actionable guide for achieving sustainable living. By weaving ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom into everyday life, individuals and communities can be fostered to make a sustainable and harmonious world from personal to spiritual well-being. Thus, the paper advocates the aforementioned Buddhist concepts for the potential growth of a harmonious society in the pursuit of sustainability.
Barriers to realizing tourism potential: insights from Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Gunawardhana, T.P.U.M.; Sri Ranjith, J.G.
Tourism is a global economic and cultural exchange, fostering socio-economic development and cross-border understanding. Sri Lanka holds immense potential in international tourism due to its rich biodiversity, cultural heritage, and historical landmarks. However, this potential is constrained by barriers, particularly at Sigiriya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its cultural significance. The challenges visitors encounter at Sigiriya provide a basis for evaluating barriers in Sri Lanka's tourism sector and examining factors influencing tourist satisfaction. Based on this background, the primary objective of this research is to identify obstacles faced by foreign tourists visiting Sigiriya. A sub-objective includes analyzing tourist satisfaction. Primary data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and participant observations, while secondary data included tourist arrivals and revenue at Sigiriya from 2018 to 2023.The sample comprised 200 foreign tourists, who were selected via random sampling. Descriptive statistics and econometric analyses, including Pearson correlation and a Probit model, were used to evaluate the relationships among key variables influencing tourist satisfaction. Findings reveal significant issues such as overcrowding, difficulties in accessing the destination, high costs of tour guide services, and challenges with sanitation and waste management. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a strong association between tourist satisfaction and factors such as accommodation costs, food and beverage expenses, transportation fees, tour guide charges, security, hospitality, and hygiene. Among these, hygiene standards (r = 0.71, P < 0.01), accommodation costs (r = 0.63, P< 0.05), and transportation expenses (r = 0.81, P < 0.05) were significant. Probit model results indicated that sanitation facilities, waste disposal, and transportation costs significantly affect tourist satisfaction. Additional barriers include limited banking services and restricted online payment options complicating international tourists’ experiences, especially with public transport and purchases. Recommendations include implementing a visitor limit time slot entry system to manage overcrowding, upgrading infrastructure, and incentives for off-peak visits. Prepaid travel cards, local mobile payment apps, and enhanced cash accessibility for the areas without electronic payment options are proposed. An eco-friendly cable car system connecting Sigiriya to Pidurangala is suggested to reduce overcrowding and vehicle congestion, while also saving tourists’ time. Strengthening the informal sector, improving rural public transport, and promoting culinary tourism through food festivals and local recipes can further enhance accessibility and sustainable tourism growth in Sri Lanka.
Analysing decadal changes in forest cover and land use patterns in Siyambalanduwa, Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Senarath, S.A.N.N.T.; Wikramasooriya, A.K.
Forest cover is a natural resource that functions as the Earth's lungs and safeguards against detrimental environmental conditions. The global trend of forest depletion is alarming, with estimations indicating a net reduction of 5.2 million hectares annually over the past decade. Regions like the dry zone of Sri Lanka have witnessed intensive clearing of forested areas for agricultural expansion, slash-and-burn cultivation, overgrazing, and industrialization over the last few decades. This study centers on analyzing the fluctuations in forest cover within the Siyambalanduwa Divisional Secretariat Division, located in Sri Lanka's dry zone, from 2013 to 2023. Utilizing Landsat 8 imagery and employing supervised classification with support vector machines in ArcGIS Pro, LULC maps were developed from 2013 to 2023. The accuracy of the analysis, exceeding 80%, was validated through confusion assessments. The results of this study reveal significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in Siyambalanduwa from 2013 to 2023. Developed areas increased steadily from 3.8 km2 in 2013 to 10.43 km2 in 2023. Barren land saw considerable fluctuations, decreasing from 324.82 km2 in 2013 to 183.42 km2 by 2023, reflecting substantial conversion to other land uses, particularly cultivated and forested areas. Forest cover initially declined from 479.70 km2 in 2013 to 354.99 km2 in 2017 but recovered to 424.20 km2 by 2023. Planted and cultivated areas expanded from 255.95 km2 in 2013 to a peak of 453.45 km2 in 2022, with a slight decrease in 2023. With this study, the planted and cultivated area has significantly changed the current land use pattern. At the beginning of the study, the forest area was larger in extent than the other land use types, but then forest areas were affected by the plantations, and planted areas have become a major land use type within the study area. With deep consideration, first, the planted area has affected both forest and barren areas, but then it mainly affected the barren areas. Therefore, now, it shows a continuous decline, and in the future, that impact could also happen again in the forest area. Thus, the study underscores the urgent need for sustainable land management practices due to the possible significant threat posed by the depletion of forest cover in Siyambalanduwa to improve the safeguarding and environmental health of the ecosystem.

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