PGIHS-RC 2024

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https://ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/20.500.14444/4847

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    A comparative investigation of Samatha and Vipassanā in the Visuddhimagga and the Sravakabhūmi of the Yogācārabhūmi-Sāstra
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Shao, J.Y.; Chin, B.L.; Premasiri, P.D.
    The Pāli term "samatha" (Sanskrit: śamatha) is meditation focused on cultivating deep concentration and mental tranquillity, and the Pāli term "vipassanā" (Sanskrit:vipaśyanā ) is meditation aimed at gaining profound insight into the nature of reality and achieving liberation. Both the Visuddhimagga and the Śrāvakabhūmi section of the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra serve as manuals of practice on Samatha and Vipassanā for Theravāda and Mahāyāna Buddhism, respectively. This research attempts to explore the similarities and differences in the theoretical basis and specific practice methods of the two classics on Samathavipassanā. The research adopts a comparative textual analysis, focusing on the doctrinal and practical aspects of Samatha-vipassanā as delineated in these two texts. In examining the Visuddhimagga, the results reveal that the analysis focuses on the systematic and detailed exposition of the seven kinds of purification and sixteen aspects of insight knowledge, which integrates both Samatha and Vipassanā as essential components of the Buddhist path to liberation. The results reveal that the Śravakabhūmi is examined for its unique contributions to the Yogācāra school's understanding of meditative practices, particularly in its nuanced treatment of consciousness and cognitive processes, such as the seven mental contemplations, nine stages of mental abiding, four types, three gates and six entities of Vipassanā. Additionally, the Śrāvakabhūmi provides an in-depth analysis of the objects of meditation (ālambana), which play a crucial role in guiding the practitioner through different stages of Samatha and Vipassanā. Both texts combine systematic doctrinal exposition and introspective analysis. They are not merely products of speculative or theoretical construction, but reflect a close and perceptive analysis of introspective experience. This introspective methodology differs fundamentally from the empirical methods of modern science, which focus on external observation and analysis of the biological organism. In contrast, the Buddhist analysis prioritizes the inner processes of experience and recognizes the profound significance of introspective observation in understanding the mind and its workings. This research offers a more diversified perspective on contemporary meditation practice through a comparative study of two texts on the Samatha and Vipassana comparison.
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    A contemporary exploration of Buddhist nuns from a feminist point of view
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Santacari, Rev.; Premasiri, P.D.
    Buddhism is considered a religion of non-discrimination, and it provides an excellent platform for gender and empowerment. However, the development and perception of women within Buddhism, especially nuns, has been susceptible to cultural factors resulting in sex discrimination. In recent decades, the Buddhist feminist movement has grown to address these issues. Within this trend, the present paper highlights the mutual dynamics of Buddhist doctrine and feminism in addressing the concerns of oriental Buddhist nuns in Myanmar and other countries. Fundamentally, Buddhist feminism recognizes that although the basic teaching of Buddhism affirms that women and men possess the capacity for enlightenment, the decline of the Bhikkhuni order in many Theravada Buddhist countries over centuries exemplifies how patriarchal influences have sidelined women’s roles within the Sangha. Nonetheless, the more recent trend of the revival of Bhikkhuni ordination in Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Western countries indicates a change in gender hierarchy. Hence, this paper investigates the achievements of feminists in addressing the defining issues of women’s liberation in a Buddhist context. Feminists in Buddhism further reformulate the revival of ordination rights to women and address the systemic exclusion of women. In specific terms, the examples taught by Ayya Khema, Bhikkhuni Dhammananda, Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo, and DawKetumala show how Buddhist nuns have emerged to the occasion as spiritual leaders although they faced oppressive gender roles. Beyond ordination rights, the empowerment of Buddhist nuns is also reflected in their increasing involvement in social work, education, and meditation teaching. Nuns are leading social justice initiatives, promoting mental health, and offering spiritual guidance to both lay and monastic communities; thus, extending the boundaries of traditional roles ascribed to them. This paper expects to argue that equality between men and women is sought after in Buddhist feminism. It is concluded that Buddhist feminism, as well as the empowerment of women in Buddhism, is quite an effective approach to the examination of women’s place in Buddhism today. The study illustrates the struggle towards gender equality and the struggle to create a positive change in the community, as women practicing Buddhism strive for attention in the monastic and lay order structure.
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    A critical investigation of the concept of concentration presented by venerable Ledī Sayardaw
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Revata, Ven.
    Venerable Ledī Sayardaw was a highly respected scholar and meditation master for his deep understanding of the teachings of Buddha. Significantly, his treatises have become famous in Myanmar and other nations owing to his scholarly writing and literary thoroughness. He dedicated much of his life to studying, writing, and practicing Buddhist teachings promoting vipassanā meditation for the monks and lay people. His meditation technique emphasizes breathing in and out (ānāpāna). It is difficult to know his meditation method because we rarely see it in his several treatises; however, his exact instruction on the concentration level for insight meditation can be traced through his well-known treatises. Based on mindfulness of breathing (ānāpānassati), Venerable Ledī Sayardaw spoke of different levels of concentration, and he categorized seven stages. It is from the level of the fourth jhāna to the level of the counting stage (gaṇanā). Accordingly, the meditator can cultivate insight meditation through the level of jhana; moreover, through the stage of access concentration (upacārasamādhi), the stage of connection (anubandanā), and the stage of counting (gaṇanā). He recommended that the fourth jhāna is the best way to commence insight meditation. If the meditator is not capable of practicing to attain the fourth jhāna, the meditator can commence insight meditation through the lower jhānic levels or at least the level of counting stage. This study expects to examine whether the stage of connection and the stage of counting can suppress the hindrances sufficiently enough to develop insight. This issue will be investigated based on Theravada exegetical literature under the qualitative method as a textual base study to determine the concentration level required for developing insight.
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    A critical study on the impact of Raguvamisam on the educational heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Cumaran, E.; Raguparan, K.
    The Raguvamisam, one of the Tamil epics in Sri Lanka by Arasakesari, was composed during the period of the kings of Jaffna. It was written by adopting the major epic Raguvamsam by Kalidasa in Sanskrit. Arasakesari is believed to be a descendant of the Aryachakravarthy Dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Jaffna. This epic consists of three cantos, twenty-six chapters, and two thousand four hundred and four verses in Virtutham meter. The history, valor, and generosity of the twenty-nine kings who belonged to the Solar dynasty are expounded in this epic. Among them, the history of the Kings Ragu, Ayan, Thileepan, Dasarathan, Raman, and Kusha are elaborately related in this epic. The challenging diction and the style utilized in this epic would demand deep contemplation even for scholars who are well-versed in traditional poetry. However, this epic secured importance during the nineteenth and the early decades of the twentieth centuries. It was ardently studied and discussed among traditional scholars and students. Besides, it was included as a textbook in the traditional educational heritage. Therefore, it is necessary to study the reason for the in-depth learning of this epic and its influence on the educational and literary heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils. But so far, only a few primary and introductory studies have been conducted on Raguvamisam. They just deal with the background of its composition and structure. This study aims to comprehend the impact of the first Tamil epic, Raguvamisam, on the educational heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils. This study is based on the descriptive methodology encompassing the analytical and comparative methods to identify and evaluate the impact of this epic. The epic Raguvamisam and its commentary are taken as primary sources. Literary appreciation notes and articles on Raguvamisam and previous studies on the educational heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils are taken as secondary sources. The findings indicate that the inclination to prioritize the first Sri Lankan Tamil epic, sound knowledge of Sanskrit, and the influence of the epic Ramayanam are the prominent reasons for the intensive reading of this epic. Therefore, Raguvamisam was included in the curriculum of the traditional educational heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils, and commentaries and appreciation notes were written abundantly. Besides, it was paraphrased by some scholars in prose, and its influence could be traced to the subsequent literary compositions composed in the following years.
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    A gender perspective on exploring the factors affecting unemployment among young females in Sri Lanka
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Dissanayake, D.M.C.; Rathnayake, R.M.A.D.B.
    Youth unemployment in Sri Lanka is a significant challenge to sustainable development, with young females disproportionately affected. Despite the studies and government interventions, there still needs to be a concrete answer for this socio-economic issue, and females are more vulnerable in the face of youth unemployment. In such a context, this study was conducted with the primary objective of exploring the factors that hinder the employability of young females in Sri Lanka while identifying potential strategies and interventions to enhance their employability. The study also aimed to investigate the current landscape of youth unemployment in Sri Lanka and examine the impact of unemployment on the well-being and social status of young females. This qualitative research employed an ethnographic method with thirty female respondents aged 15-24 from the Sooriyawewa Grama Niladari Division selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings revealed that domestic chores, harmful experiences of sexual harassment at workplaces, social norms, patriarchal social structure, and gender stereotypes are significant hindrances to women's employability. Issues such as lack of infrastructure, wild elephant conflicts, early marriages, school dropouts, and lack of English literacy and computer skills also contribute to this problem. Moreover, the study uncovered the profound effects of female youth unemployment, including domestic violence due to lack of proper income, drug dealing, inability to fulfill basic needs, health issues, depression, suicidal ideation and attempts, dependency on marriage for employment, and social exclusion. Accordingly, the research proposes implementing awareness-raising campaigns on women's human rights, job prospects within specific industries that offer decent job opportunities, and digital entrepreneurship covering all the settings, implementing support systems such as incubation centers, industrial parks, and zoning with the proper monitoring and evaluation system to promote the youth female participation in small and medium enterprises, policy reforms in education and establishing paternity leave system to strength the work-family balance, and a proper mechanism to identify sexual violation at the workplace. In conclusion, the study recommends opening a broad social discourse regarding female youth unemployment and related labor law reforms to reduce female unemployment in Sri Lanka.
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    A gender-archaeological reading on Henakanda Biso Bandara cult
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Weerasuriya, W. L. A. B. J.
    This study undertakes a gender-archaeological reading of Henakanda Biso Bandara, a god/goddess from Sri Lanka’s late medieval pantheon, to explore the complexities of gender identity in the Gampola kingdom. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the significance of Henakanda Biso Bandara’s gender identity for our understanding of gender and sexuality in Sri Lankan history and culture and to examine how her/his non-conformity to traditional gender norms challenges and complicates our understanding of gender identity in Sri Lankan society. Gender archaeology is a relatively modern archaeological trend that emerged after the post-processual archaeological movement, leading to a more qualitative approach to understanding the past by incorporating insights from other disciplines. This approach, rooted in gender archaeological theories, enables a more holistic understanding of gender identities and behaviors in the past. The cult surrounding Henakanda Biso Bandara is shrouded in mystery, with rumors and folklore surrounding her/his life and character. This study employs a qualitative approach to identify Henakanda Biso Bandara’s gender identity and contemporary society’s ideology. Iconographic data, folklores, and literary data were collected from selected temples and Devalas in the Udunuwara, Yatinuwara, and Kothmale regions, where the cult is still alive, as well as through interviews with local communities, devotees, and expatriates on gender and gender archaeology. Mainly, iconographic analysis was employed to analyze the data, informed by Roberta Gilchrist’s gender archaeological theory, which served as a guiding framework for understanding the phenomena. The study also drew upon contemporary literature sources and iconographic analysis of statues and paintings from the Gampola period to understand masculinity and femininity in the Gampola period, with a special reference to the Henakanda Biso Bandara cult. The Henakanda Biso Bandara statues and paintings found in shrines primarily depict the figure as male. While this may reflect the gender norms of the divine concept during that period, there were a number of female goddesses in Sri Lanka prior to this time. The findings suggest that Henakanda Biso Bandara did not conform to traditional gender norms in the Gampola society but rather defied categorization as male or female.
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    A literature review on entrepreneurial competencies and digital marketing orientation
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Kumarasinghe, W.P.; Kuruppuge, R.H.; Athukorala, P.P.A.W.
    Digital technology has become integral to society, impacting the global economy and greatly affecting businesses. Businesses are adapting and employing digital technologies (DTs) to identify consumers' needs, wants, and preferences and satisfy them using effective digital marketing communication. Adopting DTs is instrumental and has influenced astonishing opportunities, whether businesses are large or small. Literature indicates digital marketing orientation (DMO) of Small & Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) is subject to the intensity of entrepreneurial competencies (ECs). Scholars accept that SMEs should have an intense understanding and empirical knowledge of DTs to reach competitive advantages against rivals; however, they show major failures in embracing marketing against corporate entities. This has created a great loss of opportunities, competitive advantages and it also hinders growth potential. This is a less researched existing problem. This study scrutinizes related literature on ECs and DMOs of entrepreneurs while testifying to their actual use. The research problem can be stated as the factors influencing ECs and their orientation toward digital marketing usage and actual use. The main objective was to understand the factors that impact ECs and their orientation towards digital marketing applications using literature. Forty-four Journal articles were examined, and the results indicate that the basic global digital adoption is over seventy-five percent; however, the actual use for marketing is much lower. Sixty-four percent of SMEs have adopted email technology; nevertheless, they do not use it effectively for marketing initiatives. Seventy-two percent of SMEs have websites, whereas regular updating and using marketing indicates less. More than ninety percent use social media, but do not use tools and techniques optimally. Only twenty-five SMEs in developed countries employ advanced digital technologies like AI, AR, VR, LLM and DA. The deficiency of competencies causes these insufficiencies. There are three key outcomes from the study. First, it gives an opportunity to highlight major trends, themes, and patterns in the modern marketing domain while providing an opportunity to recognize research gaps. Second, the study makes a significant contribution to entrepreneurial marketing theory and SME's marketing literature. Finally, it consolidates and summarizes existing knowledge, offering an obvious picture of the problem.
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    A spatial and temporal dynamics of shoreline change along the western coast of Sri Lanka
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Chithra, S.; Ratnayake, N.P.; Hewawasam, T.
    Sandy coasts are extremely dynamic geomorphic systems, experiencing continuous changes at various spatial and temporal scales. Over the decades, many locations along the western coast of Sri Lanka have suffered severe coastal erosion due to both natural and anthropogenic activities. Continuous investigation of shoreline changes is crucial for coastal protection and disaster management. The study assessed shoreline changes from 2005 to 2021 along the western coast, from Maha Oya to Kalu Ganga. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System in ArcGIS was used to calculate changes, utilizing WorldView2 satellite images for selected locations: Maha Oya, Kapungoda, Dikkovita, Kelani River mouth, Galle Face, Wellawatta, Mount Lavinia, Panadura, Pothupitiya, and Kalu Ganga mouth. Two statistical techniques, Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) and End Point Rate (EPR), were used to quantify the changes. The NSM measures shoreline distance, while EPR calculates the rate by dividing NSM by the time period. The study reveals that accretion predominates over erosion during the specified period. From Galle Face, the southward coast shows accretion, except at Kalu Ganga North, while the northward coast is mostly eroded, except at Kelani River South, Kapungoda and Dikkovita. Specifically, the northern section of Kalu River mouth recorded NSM of -72.46 m and EPR of -4.51 m per year, indicating significant erosion. In contrast, the southern section showed NSM of 107.32 m and EPR of 6.68 m per year, reflecting substantial accretion. Thus, the northern area is highly eroded, and the southern area is experiencing very high accretion. Meanwhile, Maha Oya South, Dikkovita, and Kelani River North (NSM of -0.4m, 0.85m, and -0.76m, and EPR of -0.02m/yr, 0.05m/yr, and -0.05m/yr, respectively) indicate shorelines in equilibrium. Furthermore, it was observed that northward River mouths of Maha Oya and Kelani River have a potential for erosion. The availability of sand, conservation measures such as beach nourishment, hard engineering structures along the coast, and regional morphology significantly impact erosion and accretion on the western coast. In conclusion, coastal management measures have played a significant role in shoreline shifts. However, these measures seem ineffective in mitigating coastal erosion and maintaining shoreline stability due to their significant impact on sediment supply.
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    A study on the role of feminism in reshaping religious attitudes for gender equality
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Karunathilaka, S.S.M.
    The present study investigates the function of feminists and the ways in which religious beliefs impact the pursuit of gender equality. Social and cultural life has been greatly affected by feminism, and the relationship between feminism and religious doctrines offers important opportunities for research. Accordingly, this study's research problem investigates how feminist ideologies contrast with religious beliefs and practices to reframe religious attitudes toward gender equality. It explores the extent to which feminist movements challenge or influence traditional religious doctrines that often reinforce gender roles. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of feminist ideologies on religious discourse and examine how these ideologies contribute to the pursuit of gender equality in religious contexts. The research objectives are to investigate how feminist movements affect religious practices and gender-related attitudes and to examine how religious texts and principles contribute to the construction and interpretation of gender equality in religious institutions. The methodology of this research consisted of semi-structured interviews with 20 participants, including religious leaders, feminist scholars, activists, and religious communities. Moreover, the collected data will be analyzed using a thematic approach. The responses were categorized into several sub-themes. These sub-themes shall be reinterpreted from a religious and gender role point of view. In this research study, the influence of feminist movements on religious practices and feminists' resistance to religious institutions will be taken into account. The study concludes that feminism has made progress in promoting gender equality within religious movements. It also expects to examine how religious texts construct the concept of gender equality. Accordingly, this research contributes to understanding the dynamic relationship between feminism and religion.
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    Abandoning the gap: Analyzing the decline of male students in university admissions in Sammanthurai education division
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Azsam, A.R.; Rumais, M.N.M.
    The underrepresentation of male students in university admissions within the Sammanthurai Divisional Education office has emerged as a significant educational challenge, raising concerns about gender disparities in academic achievement. This study investigates the multifaceted factors contributing to the decline in male university enrollments through a mixed-methods research approach, integrating quantitative analysis of admission data with qualitative insights from interviews and focus groups. Focusing on seven mixed-gender schools within the Sammanthurai Division, the research study conducted separate interviews with school principals, counselors, and male students and had independent discussions with parents. A total of 70 male students were surveyed, with insights gathered from ten students from each school. Additionally, 30 female students from the same schools were surveyed to explore gender dynamics in educational aspirations. Independent interviews with the Divisional Education Director, local religious leaders, and parents provided further context to the findings. The analysis reveals that economic pressures and entrenched family responsibilities significantly deter male students from pursuing higher education. Many feel compelled to seek immediate employment to support their families, prioritizing short-term income over long-term academic pursuits. Cultural perceptions regarding the value of vocational training compared to university education, urbanization, and peer influences also contribute to this trend. Interestingly, female students often pursue higher education in search of limited job opportunities, highlighting a significant gender dynamic within the region. Quantitative data indicates a 25% decrease in male university admissions over the past five years, underscoring the widening gender gap in educational attainment. By identifying these contributing factors, the research seeks to provide evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, educators, and community leaders to boost male student retention and promote equitable educational outcomes in the Sammanthurai region. Ultimately, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic and cultural factors influencing educational dynamics.
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    An analytical study on singing, drumming, and dancing of Kandyan ritual Sooniyam Shanthi Karma (Udarata Towilaya)
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Tanwaththa, T.G.A.M.I.
    This study investigates the singing, drumming, and dancing practices associated with the Kandyan Sooniyam Shanthi Karma (healing ritual), also known as Udarata Towilaya, within the context of Sri Lankan traditional healing ritual literature. While the Yak healing rituals of the Low-Country tradition are widely recognized, knowledge of the Kandyan Yak healing rituals has significantly diminished. In contrast to the Khombakankariya, the most prominent healing ritual in the Kandyan tradition, the Kandyan Sooniyam ritual exhibits distinct features. The objectives of this study are to identify the specific features of singing, drumming, and dancing in the Udarata Towilaya, analyze the similarities and differences between the Khombakankariya and the Udarata Towilaya, explore the reasons for the declining popularity of the Kandyan Towilaya, and examine the historical practices and contemporary applications of the Udarata Towilaya. Employing a qualitative approach, the study integrates interviews with traditional practitioners and experts in healing rituals to gather primary data. Secondary data are sourced from academic papers, books, videos, and library materials, with ongoing data collection through direct observation of the ritual practices. Despite the prominence of the Sooniyam healing ritual in Low-Country traditions, the Kandyan Sooniyam ritual remains underexplored, with a diminishing number of practitioners and limited academic inquiry. This research, framed within the discipline of dance anthropology, aims to provide a comparative analysis of the Kandyan Udarata Towilaya, contributing to the understanding and preservation of this cultural heritage. Although commonly referred to as the Kandyan Sooniyam healing ritual, the correct name is Kandyan Towilaya. Two well-known generational families perform this ritual in the Kandy district: the Palipana and Pilawala Thennakoon lineages. Practitioners from these families are renowned for their expertise in astrology, traditional medicine, and the performance of Towilaya. A distinctive feature of the Kandyan Towilaya is Hathpada, a specific type of verse, sung during the ritual’s dance performances. Additionally, the drumming styles Angarampada Wadanaya and Abhinapada Wadanaya play a pivotal role in the execution of this ritual, enhancing its rhythmic and symbolic dimensions.
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    An analytical study on the practical application of Buddhist ethical teachings to overcome social problems in the modern society
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Ethiliwewe Mangala, Ven.
    This research focuses on the Mandiya posture in Kandyan dance and adopts an interdisciplinary approach. The disciplines utilized in this study include human anatomy, geometry, history, and anthropology. The main objective of the research is to develop theoretical knowledge about Kandyan Mandiya. The research problem is: what knowledge can be gained from an interdisciplinary study of the Mandiya of Kandyan dance tradition? This exploratory research incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data. The data sources include the experiences of Kandyan dancers, interviews, researchers’ personal experiences as professional Kandyan dancers, relevant research articles, books, and videos. The study employs various theories and methods, including general body-friendly posture according to human anatomy, the Bodily Archive theory, the Fibonacci sequence, the Golden Ratio, the Body Mass Index (BMI), and the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) theory. According to the disciplines mentioned above, it is recognized that the Kandyan Mandiya posture was originally a natural human posture used to balance the body against gravity, even before it was adopted as a dance posture. This pose has changed over time but is still in use today. The relationship between the different parts of the body in the Kandyan Mandiya pose, or the height from the ground to the knees, the length of the trunk, and the distance between the legs is close to the golden ratio. This creates a harmonious appearance. It contributes to the visual appeal of the pose. Kandyan dancers are at risk for back and leg injuries due to prolonged periods spent in the Mandiya posture during practice. Through an interdisciplinary study of Kandyan Mandiya, many facts were revealed from the historical uses of that posture to the present day. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of various aspects associated with Mandiya, including gravitational dynamics, muscular strength, internal bodily functions, core stability, balance, and geometric proportions. Kandyan Mandiya serves as a cultural practice that reflects a natural human posture. It is recommended that students studying Kandyan dance engage in a more in-depth exploration of this subject.
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    An Interdiciplinary research on Mandiya in Kandiyan dance tradition
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Dassanayake, D.P.D.; Mantillake, S.; Walgama, K.S.
    This research focuses on the Mandiya posture in Kandyan dance and adopts an interdisciplinary approach. The disciplines utilized in this study include human anatomy, geometry, history, and anthropology. The main objective of the research is to develop theoretical knowledge about Kandyan Mandiya. The research problem is: what knowledge can be gained from an interdisciplinary study of the Mandiya of Kandyan dance tradition? This exploratory research incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data. The data sources include the experiences of Kandyan dancers, interviews, researchers’ personal experiences as professional Kandyan dancers, relevant research articles, books, and videos. The study employs various theories and methods, including general body-friendly posture according to human anatomy, the Bodily Archive theory, the Fibonacci sequence, the Golden Ratio, the Body Mass Index (BMI), and the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) theory. According to the disciplines mentioned above, it is recognized that the Kandyan Mandiya posture was originally a natural human posture used to balance the body against gravity, even before it was adopted as a dance posture. This pose has changed over time but is still in use today. The relationship between the different parts of the body in the Kandyan Mandiya pose, or the height from the ground to the knees, the length of the trunk, and the distance between the legs is close to the golden ratio. This creates a harmonious appearance. It contributes to the visual appeal of the pose. Kandyan dancers are at risk for back and leg injuries due to prolonged periods spent in the Mandiya posture during practice. Through an interdisciplinary study of Kandyan Mandiya, many facts were revealed from the historical uses of that posture to the present day. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of various aspects associated with Mandiya, including gravitational dynamics, muscular strength, internal bodily functions, core stability, balance, and geometric proportions. Kandyan Mandiya serves as a cultural practice that reflects a natural human posture. It is recommended that students studying Kandyan dance engage in a more in-depth exploration of this subject.
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    An investigation of clauses in essay writing by ESL undergraduates at a state university in Sri Lanka: A critical study for enhancing teaching pedagogy
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Subajana, J; Senaratna, C.D.
    Essay writing is crucial in Sri Lankan education, especially in the state examinations such as the GCE Ordinary and Advanced Levels. The essay is a compulsory question which typically carries fifteen marks based on specific criteria: content, five; language, five; format and organisation, two; and writing mechanics, three marks. These benchmarks emphasise the significance of essay writing in evaluating students’ writing skills from a scholarly perspective. It is a mandatory assignment, assessment, and evaluation practice across all levels of education in Sri Lanka. Despite a decade of learning English as a second language (ESL) in school, first-year students at the University of Vavuniya continue to face significant challenges in correctly using finite and non-finite clauses in their essay writing. Students are expected to demonstrate an academic-level formal writing style typical to universities and scholarly contributions since they follow the degree programme in English in addition to ESL courses. Students often rely on simple, clichéd constructions to lower proficiency levels as they lack knowledge of a variety of clauses. The structural complexity expected in university writing is habitually absent, preventing students from demonstrating the sophistication required in academic essays. Using clauses is a challenge for ESL students, even for those who scored better overall marks. Previous studies have focused on other aspects of improving essay writing, but little attention is given to the complexity of using non-finite clauses in Sri Lankan contexts. This study examines the extent to which second language learners use clauses in English essay writing to help teachers refine their teaching methods. The study signifies the necessity for greater emphasis on syntactic complexity in essay writing at the tertiary level. The thirty-three essays were randomly selected from sixty students enrolled in the Faculty of Business Studies, and mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative, were used to analyse the data. The findings reveal that if-clause 14%, that- clause 14%, wh-clause 24%, to-infinitive 42% were used while participial and bare infinitive clauses were not used; 87.3% relied on simple sentences, and 12.3% used complex sentences. Errors in using clauses were observed, providing insights into challenges the students faced and how to improve the structural knowledge to enhance the quality of essay writing. The study recommends that the proper use of clauses improves academic essay writing, language maturity and authenticity of the text. It emphasises training students on operating the process with deliberate learning of Chomsky’s transformations, setting the goals for raising their analytical and higher-order thinking skills, as Bloom's Taxonomy outlines.
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    Analysing changes of wetland components using geospatial techniques: A case of Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte wetland complex, Sri Lanka
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Thushani, J.; Bandara, T.W.M.T.W.; Subasinghe, S.
    The Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Wetlands Complex is a distinct urban wetland in the Colombo region. Due to rapid development and population growth in the region, wetlands are losing their components and becoming a terrestrial landscape. GIS and RS technologies provide an excellent platform for investigating changes in the above features. Since there are not many studies on this subject, the study uses NDVI, NDWI, and NDMI to examine how wetland vegetation, moisture, and water content changed between 1997 and 2023. The research used primary data, including field observations and interviews with village officials, and secondary data sources, including previous studies, satellite imagery, books, and articles. The satellite imagery study used Landsat 5 images from 1997, 2005, and 2008, as well as Landsat 8 images from 2017 and 2023. To better understand the variability of the data, the indicators were reclassified using the mean and standard deviation into three groups: low (mean-standard deviation), moderate (between low and high), or high (mean + standard deviation). The image difference technique was used to detect pixel-wise changes in wetland components in reclassified images. Based on the results, the NDVI value range was -0.384 to 0.735 in the study area in 1997, which changed from - 0.001 to 0.437 in 2023. Similarly, the NDWI value ranged from -0.366 to 0.740 in 1997, which varied between -0.379 and 0.049 in 2023. The NDMI value range was -0.428 to 0.5 in 1997, which reduced to -0.101 to 0.315 in 2023. The study area's low category saw the highest percentage of NDVI, NDWI, and NDMI due to land encroachment for urban expansion. According to the change detection analysis, the total change from the high to low conversion category was shown by the NDVI at 2.31 Km2 (6.46%), the total change from the NDWI at 1.20 Km2 (3.36%), and the total change from the NDMI at 3.05 Km2 (8.52%). The study underscores the concerned parties taking additional steps to strengthen conservation of wetlands.
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    Analysing decadal changes in forest cover and land use patterns in Siyambalanduwa, Sri Lanka
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Senarath, S.A.N.N.T.; Wikramasooriya, A.K.
    Forest cover is a natural resource that functions as the Earth's lungs and safeguards against detrimental environmental conditions. The global trend of forest depletion is alarming, with estimations indicating a net reduction of 5.2 million hectares annually over the past decade. Regions like the dry zone of Sri Lanka have witnessed intensive clearing of forested areas for agricultural expansion, slash-and-burn cultivation, overgrazing, and industrialization over the last few decades. This study centers on analyzing the fluctuations in forest cover within the Siyambalanduwa Divisional Secretariat Division, located in Sri Lanka's dry zone, from 2013 to 2023. Utilizing Landsat 8 imagery and employing supervised classification with support vector machines in ArcGIS Pro, LULC maps were developed from 2013 to 2023. The accuracy of the analysis, exceeding 80%, was validated through confusion assessments. The results of this study reveal significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in Siyambalanduwa from 2013 to 2023. Developed areas increased steadily from 3.8 km2 in 2013 to 10.43 km2 in 2023. Barren land saw considerable fluctuations, decreasing from 324.82 km2 in 2013 to 183.42 km2 by 2023, reflecting substantial conversion to other land uses, particularly cultivated and forested areas. Forest cover initially declined from 479.70 km2 in 2013 to 354.99 km2 in 2017 but recovered to 424.20 km2 by 2023. Planted and cultivated areas expanded from 255.95 km2 in 2013 to a peak of 453.45 km2 in 2022, with a slight decrease in 2023. With this study, the planted and cultivated area has significantly changed the current land use pattern. At the beginning of the study, the forest area was larger in extent than the other land use types, but then forest areas were affected by the plantations, and planted areas have become a major land use type within the study area. With deep consideration, first, the planted area has affected both forest and barren areas, but then it mainly affected the barren areas. Therefore, now, it shows a continuous decline, and in the future, that impact could also happen again in the forest area. Thus, the study underscores the urgent need for sustainable land management practices due to the possible significant threat posed by the depletion of forest cover in Siyambalanduwa to improve the safeguarding and environmental health of the ecosystem.
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    Anthropogenic impacts and conservation strategies for the sparrow jungle wetland ecosystem in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Mathitheepan, S.; Jasdeepan, T.
    The Sparrow Jungle Ecosystem in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, is located between approximately 9.7213° to 9.7392° N latitude and 80.1705° to 80.2030° E longitude. This critical habitat supports diverse flora and fauna, including endemic and migratory bird species and various aquatic species. Due to these unique habitats and species, the Sparrow Jungle Wetland is a popular recreational site, attracting educational trips and tourists across Jaffna. However, wetland ecosystems and sanctuaries are underrepresented in the Jaffna Peninsula despite its ecological importance. Anthropogenic pressures have disrupted the ecosystem's balance and compromised its essential services. This case study aims to identify these critical threats and propose effective conservation strategies to preserve the ecosystem's integrity and ensure long-term sustainability. The study was conducted over three months, from March to May 2024, in the designated study area. Primary data were collected through direct field observations, structured questionnaires administered to 50 randomly selected households, five face-to-face interviews with residents from the surrounding area, and discussions with relevant government agencies, including the local council, Environmental Authority, Department of Wildlife Conservation, and Northern Province Tourism Board. The secondary data were gathered from books, research papers, statistics, annual reports of relevant departments, and authorized websites. This data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics Computer software. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the percentages. The results indicate that 33% of respondents identified illegal waste dumping as the primary threat, followed by agricultural expansion (20%), development projects (17%), and livestock grazing (15%). Additional activities, such as hunting, firewood harvesting, and sand mining, were also observed. These human activities contribute to habitat loss, the reduction of mangrove forests, and wetland contamination. Urgent conservation actions are needed to protect the Sparrow Jungle Wetland Ecosystem from human-induced threats. A holistic approach, integrating local knowledge, sustainable practices, and strict regulations, is key to preserving its ecological integrity. Designating protected zones will reduce habitat destruction, while community involvement enhances stewardship. Stricter waste and pollution controls are vital for water quality. Collaboration between national and local councils is essential to declare the area a wetland sanctuary and promote eco-tourism.
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    Assessing the evolution of urban land use and land cover: a case study of Matara city, Sri Lanka
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Bandara, T.M.R.S.; Jayasinghe, D.B.C.
    Urbanization is a multidimensional phenomenon significantly influencing Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) dynamics in cities worldwide. This study focuses on Matara City, Sri Lanka, a rapidly urbanizing area with limited previous research on LULC changes. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques, including Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), accuracy assessment, and change detection, we analyzed and quantified LULC variations in the years 1996, 2007, 2016, and 2023. Landsat 6 (TM) and Landsat 8 and 9 (OLI) satellite images, which are less than 10% or completely cloud-free, were downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website. Four images were captured during the dry season. Satellite imagery enabled us to visualize and quantify changes in land cover, focusing on built-up areas, vegetation, water bodies, and homesteads. The overall accuracy rates for the four years consistently surpassed 90%, indicating a reliable classification of LULC with a strong correlation between the reference Google Maps and the classified maps. The overall accuracy for 1996, 2007, 2016, and 2023 was 92%, 97%, 91%, and 94%, respectively. The corresponding Kappa coefficients were 0.89 in 1996, 0.96 in 2007 and 2016, and 0.92 in 2023. Our findings indicated notable changes in built-up areas from 1996 to 2023, characterized by a 12.21 km² (48.8 %) increase over the entire period. The most significant expansion occurred between 1996 and 2016, with built-up areas growing by 11.82 km² (50.02 %). However, there was a slight decrease of 0.35 km² (4.72 %) from 2016 to 2023. In contrast, vegetation cover steadily declined throughout the study period, resulting in a total loss of 9.94 km². Homestead areas saw a notable decrease of 2.55 km² (10.21%) from 1996 to 2023. In contrast, water areas experienced a net increase of 0.27 km² (1.08%) despite an overall decline of 0.68 km² (2.87%) from 1996 to 2016. This category saw a significant recovery with a 0.95 km² (112.8%) increase between 2016 and 2023, indicating a partial reversal of earlier losses. These results underscore the significant impact of urban expansion on local ecosystems. To mitigate these impacts, we recommend adopting sustainable urban planning strategies, including green belts and urban agriculture, enhancing environmental quality and ecosystem services. This research provides a valuable framework for urban planning in Matara City and similar contexts, highlighting the need for updated land use regulations and sustainable development practices.
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    Barriers to realizing tourism potential: insights from Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Gunawardhana, T.P.U.M.; Sri Ranjith, J.G.
    Tourism is a global economic and cultural exchange, fostering socio-economic development and cross-border understanding. Sri Lanka holds immense potential in international tourism due to its rich biodiversity, cultural heritage, and historical landmarks. However, this potential is constrained by barriers, particularly at Sigiriya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its cultural significance. The challenges visitors encounter at Sigiriya provide a basis for evaluating barriers in Sri Lanka's tourism sector and examining factors influencing tourist satisfaction. Based on this background, the primary objective of this research is to identify obstacles faced by foreign tourists visiting Sigiriya. A sub-objective includes analyzing tourist satisfaction. Primary data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and participant observations, while secondary data included tourist arrivals and revenue at Sigiriya from 2018 to 2023.The sample comprised 200 foreign tourists, who were selected via random sampling. Descriptive statistics and econometric analyses, including Pearson correlation and a Probit model, were used to evaluate the relationships among key variables influencing tourist satisfaction. Findings reveal significant issues such as overcrowding, difficulties in accessing the destination, high costs of tour guide services, and challenges with sanitation and waste management. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a strong association between tourist satisfaction and factors such as accommodation costs, food and beverage expenses, transportation fees, tour guide charges, security, hospitality, and hygiene. Among these, hygiene standards (r = 0.71, P < 0.01), accommodation costs (r = 0.63, P< 0.05), and transportation expenses (r = 0.81, P < 0.05) were significant. Probit model results indicated that sanitation facilities, waste disposal, and transportation costs significantly affect tourist satisfaction. Additional barriers include limited banking services and restricted online payment options complicating international tourists’ experiences, especially with public transport and purchases. Recommendations include implementing a visitor limit time slot entry system to manage overcrowding, upgrading infrastructure, and incentives for off-peak visits. Prepaid travel cards, local mobile payment apps, and enhanced cash accessibility for the areas without electronic payment options are proposed. An eco-friendly cable car system connecting Sigiriya to Pidurangala is suggested to reduce overcrowding and vehicle congestion, while also saving tourists’ time. Strengthening the informal sector, improving rural public transport, and promoting culinary tourism through food festivals and local recipes can further enhance accessibility and sustainable tourism growth in Sri Lanka.
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    Bridging ancient wisdom and modern psychiatry: a comparative analysis of the ten fetters in early Buddhism and their correlation with contemporary mental health diagnoses
    (Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Bhikkhuni, N.T.H.; Anh
    The study aims to draw parallels between the Ten Fetters (Saṃyojana), such as sensual desire, ill will, and ignorance—and specific psychological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and personality disorders, to uncover common patterns of mental hindrances. Additionally, it seeks to investigate the fusion of Buddhist practices, such as mindfulness and ethical conduct, with modern psychotherapeutic approaches like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to create innovative psychotherapeutic methods. Finally, it presents a comprehensive mental health treatment framework incorporating ancient Buddhist wisdom into contemporary clinical practice. The anticipated psychological outcomes include a more profound comprehension of maladaptive thought patterns associated with modern mental health disorders through the perspective of the Ten Fetters. Furthermore, by integrating Buddhist practices with contemporary psychotherapies, this research has the potential to pave the way for novel psychotherapeutic strategies aimed at addressing the foundational causes of mental illness. Mindfulness-based interventions may enhance emotional regulation, cognitive control, and symptom reduction, offering new avenues for psychological well-being and overall healing.