PGIHS-RC 2024

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ir.lib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/20.500.14444/4847

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The need for a new translation culture: An analysis of social media translations in Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Jayasingha, J.A.K.M.
Translation, the process of converting words or text from one language into another, can be considered an intimate act of reading. Today, the effortless accessibility of technology allows for rapid and easy translations. However, this has led to deviations from the literal and metaphorical meanings of the original text, resulting in an inevitable shift from ‘straightforward’ translation to broader, sometimes distorted, and inaccurate adaptations. This qualitative study aims to investigate the gaps and problems in short, direct, and inverse translations on Sri Lankan social media platforms. It proposes recommendations for fostering a new translation culture. A sample of public Facebook posts, advertisements, and notices symptomatic of distortion, inaccuracy, and lack of accountability has been selected for analysis. These examples have been examined through theoretical lenses, including those of scholars such as Gayatri Spivak and Susan Bassnett. The analysis reveals that many translations are crude, rigorously distorting the original meaning. In terms of language and idiom, a sense of technicality and flippancy undermines the central idea. This is particularly evident in how idioms, metaphors, and expressions that convey the essence of the original language are translated. Moreover, clear signs of the use of Google Translate and other online translation tools were observed. The study concludes that direct and inverse translations are currently seen as a quick, easy way to communicate on platforms like social media, with little regard for accountability to the original text. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new translation culture: one that prioritizes intimacy, accuracy, and accountability and that engages deeply with the challenges posed by linguistic and cultural differences, going beyond the established norms of ‘successful translations.’
Naming, translation and transforming sinhala middle-class womanhood: A comparative study of selected texts and their translations into Sinhala
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Jayaweera, A.J.M.N.M.
The present study engages in a comparative textual analysis of selected texts to unpack their portrayal of naming practices as role-players in shaping Sinhala middle-class womanhood. The selected texts are Marie Musaeus Higgins’ Stories from the History of Ceylon for Children and Leela’s Dreams, and their selected Sinhala translations. The study recognizes naming and renaming as acts that translate womanhood in relation to contemporary Sinhala nationalisms of the early 20th and early 21st centuries. The purpose of the study is to explore the significance of naming practices in reconfiguring, expanding, or shrinking the category of the Sinhala middle-class woman. The study identifies Sinhala nationalism as the main force that guides the naming of Sinhala middle-class women. Sinhala nationalism engages in a clever play with naming, and the literature such as Higgins' work produced during the time endorses such play. It recognizes the importance of naming in initiating women as authentic subjects of an emergent modern Sinhala nation. Therefore, through comparative textual analysis of the selected texts and their translations, the study explores how names act as signifiers of ideal Sinhala middle-class womanhood in the backdrop of Sinhala nationalism. It also recognizes the shades of class and race that influence this act of naming the Sinhala middle-class woman. The study is interdisciplinary, as it draws from Translation Studies, Language Studies, Poststructuralism, and Feminism to provide a broader understanding of the cultural, political, and ideological factors that determined naming practices in the early 20th and early 21st centuries and how those influenced the narration and translation of names and naming by Marie Higgins and the translators of the selected texts. The analysis highlights the dominance of Sinhala nationalistic thoughts in the early 20th and early 21st naming practices of the Sinhala community. It also recognizes the presence of some residues of Anglophilia or Eurocentrism embedded in some of the naming practices of the community. The names of the period also carry culturally specific senses or meanings related to the ideal qualities and attributes that the Sinhala middle-class woman must embody. Therefore, this study concludes that naming constellates women within frameworks of tradition and authenticity that align with the Sinhala nationalist projects.
The integration of the Noble Eightfold Path for sustainable living: Practical approaches and insights
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Rev. Pham Thi My, Dung (Lien Vien); Premasiri, P.D.
This paper explores the application of the Noble Eightfold Path—a central teaching in Buddhism—to sustainable living, emphasizing the integration of ethical conduct (sīla), mental culture (samādhi), and wisdom (paññā) into practices that support environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic viability. The study provides a comprehensive overview of how the Noble Eightfold Path guides individuals and communities toward harmoniously enhancing the quality of living with the environment while fostering inner peace, ethical integrity, and sustainable development. The primary objective of this study is to investigate how the ethical, mental, and wisdom-based elements of the Noble Eightfold Path can be pragmatically applied to enhance sustainable living. Moreover, the researcher examines the relevance of Buddhist ethical concepts to sustainable practices and highlights the role of mental concentration (samādhi) in building resilience and composure. In addition, this research investigates how the concept of wisdom (paññā) promotes sustainable behavior of individuals. The study adopts a qualitative research approach by integrating textual analysis with contemporary works on sustainability and ethical living. In particular, Buddhist ethical concepts such as kusala/akusala and puñña/pāpa shall be examined in seeking practical applications. The benefits of mental concentration (samādhi) and the role of emotional intelligence in sustainability are analyzed through a literature review and comparative analysis. This research concludes that the Noble Eightfold Path provides a powerful and actionable guide for achieving sustainable living. By weaving ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom into everyday life, individuals and communities can be fostered to make a sustainable and harmonious world from personal to spiritual well-being. Thus, the paper advocates the aforementioned Buddhist concepts for the potential growth of a harmonious society in the pursuit of sustainability.
Response of different types of women entrepreneurs to the chances in entrepreneurial ecosystem factors in Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Madhavie, A.V.K.
Women entrepreneurs significantly contribute to a country’s economic growth. However, when analyzing women entrepreneurship deeply, it is obvious that there are different types of women entrepreneurs, and their contribution to economic growth is varied. Although entrepreneurial development policies are implemented in general, the responses of different types of entrepreneurs to the changes in entrepreneurial ecosystem factors are different. As women's entrepreneurship has been recognized as a new engine of economic growth, it is important to analyze the response of women entrepreneurs to those changes. Then, this study focuses on analyzing the responses of different types of women entrepreneurs to changes in entrepreneurial ecosystem factors. Three types of women entrepreneurs, Stagnant, Progressive, and High-growth, categorized by the annual growth rate of turnover, were considered in the analysis. Entrepreneurial ecosystem factors such as attitudes, ability, aspiration, and alertness which are considered individual factors, and inputs and markets, supportive facilities, taxes and charges, and cultural barriers, which are considered institutional factors were used as entrepreneurial ecosystem factors to find answers to the research objective. This study is based on primary data collected from a sample of 367 women entrepreneurs applying the stratified sampling method and Ordered Logistic Regression was applied to analyze data. The results revealed that the favorable changes in alertness, inputs, markets, taxes, and charges affect Stagnant women entrepreneurs and push them out of that type. As a result, they may become either progressive or high-growth women entrepreneurs. Also, those three main factors affect high-growth women entrepreneurs to hold them further in that type. High-growth women entrepreneurs are the ones who highly contribute to economic growth. However, the results exhibit no effect on the Progressive type, confirming that the type does not respond to the changes in entrepreneurial ecosystem factors. Progressive women entrepreneurs are the largest type among all three types. The study concludes that all types of women entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka do not respond to the changes in entrepreneurial ecosystem factors driven by entrepreneurship policies.
Social relationships and Burmese Buddhist monks in the Konbaung period in Myanmar
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Thagga, W.L.; Premasiri, P.D.
As Buddhism was considered the state religion of Burma (now Myanmar) in the Konbaung period (1752-1885 C.E.), the Burmese Buddhist monks played a crucial role not only in spiritual guidance but also in social service. For instance, education in that period was mainly based on monastic institutions. Sources reveal that there were two types of monastic institutions: one taught students only religious text, and the other provided not only religious but also secular education in areas such as medicine, astrology, music, art of war, etc. In return, the lay society also provided the four requisites and other necessary things to the members of Saṅgha. However, the question of whether there were any challenges for Burmese Saṅgha in social relationships with lay society remains to be answered. The central aim of this research paper is to shed light on the relationship between the Burmese Saṅgha and the lay community. In order to investigate their relationship, the data for this research were collected from various old historical records such as Burmese chronicles, inscriptions, manuscripts, and other historically related research publications. This research explores that the Burmese Saṅgha in that period served as spiritual leaders, translated not only Buddhist texts but also other secular texts such as medicine, and law into Burmese, and compiled several types of texts. In addition, due to the situation, they were involved in social activities such as peace-making, serving as state counselors, and providing guidance to administration, and providing judgment, Although the kings in the Konbaung dynasty highly supported the members of Saṅgha, such as conferring religious titles and giving royal patronage, there were records to show that monks were suppressed. This paper suggests that although Burmese monks served as religious leaders and social workers for the lay community, they faced several challenges in their relationship with them. Moreover, Burmese Saṅgha's contributions still affect Myanmar's current society.
The influence of central highway on urban heat island intensity: A case of Mirigama Divisional Secretariat Division
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Maduwanthi, S.; Subasinghe, S.; Wickramasinghe, T.
The urban heat island (UHI) effect is where urban areas exhibit higher temperatures than their surrounding rural regions. This study investigates how the Central Highway has impacted the intensity of the UHI in the Mirigama area. Landsat satellite image-based analysis detected the UHI for 1997, 2010, and 2023. Further, land use and land cover (LULC) changes were analyzed and classified through the Random Forest algorithm, an advanced machine learning method. The results indicated that with the introduction of the Central Highway, urban thermal conditions have intensified, correlating with an increase in built up areas detected through LULC changes. Maximum and surface temperatures (LST) in the area were 26℃, 27℃, and 28℃ in 1997,2010, and 2023 respectively. This is a 2℃ increase from 1997 to 2013. These changes have resulted in urban areas becoming more heated than rural ones, with areas containing more buildings experiencing greater heat. In the meantime, the LST has increased along the central highway and its surroundings. Specifically, over the years, the forest area has reduced significantly. It covered 101.9 km² in 1997, decreased to 98 km² in 2010, and dropped to 57.8 km² in 2023. The total reduction is 44.1 km². This deforestation is closely linked to infrastructure expansion, including the Central Highway, which has contributed to both the UHI effect and ecosystem degradation by increasing LST. It highlights the need for better planning to minimize environmental impacts, connecting to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities and 13 - Climate Action. Addressing these challenges could also mitigate adverse effects on local ecosystems and public health. Overall, this research contributes to understanding the UHI effects of the area, and LULC changes that urban planners and policymaking authorities in the country should consider in their development initiatives.
Impact of Sri Lanka's economic crisis on the public healthcare system: Case studies in selected towns in Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Nipunika, J.M.J.; Nifla, A.H.M.F.; Gray, E. Ø.; Tenvik, B.E.J.; Hallstensen, I.; Balakrishna, A.
Sri Lanka’s public health sector has achieved significant progress, particularly in reducing infant and maternal mortality, child malnutrition and increasing life expectancy, positioning it favorably among developing nations regarding health outcomes. However, the economic recession precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022), followed by a prolonged financial crisis since 2022, has severely strained the healthcare system. The resultant reduction in government healthcare spending has intensified preexisting vulnerabilities and restricted access to essential services, placing considerable pressure on Sri Lanka’s healthcare infrastructure. As a result, Sri Lanka’s healthcare system is now under substantial pressure. In this context, an important research question arises: to what extent has the economic crisis affected Sri Lanka’s healthcare sector? This study investigates the impact of the financial crisis on healthcare delivery, specifically focusing on the availability of medical resources and the challenges faced by healthcare providers and patients. The study was conducted in selected towns in Sri Lanka, categorized by healthcare facility levels: Colombo and Kandy (high), Puttalam and Galle (moderate), and Nuwara Eliya (lower). Using qualitative methods, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 75 individuals through snowball sampling and 26 Key Informant Interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals. Data were transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed to elucidate the relationship between the economic crisis and healthcare delivery. The findings reveal five key areas of healthcare disruption due to the economic crisis: shortages of essential medicines and equipment, forcing patients to seek private options; compromised care quality and treatment delays from resource limitations; decreased public healthcare utilization, imposing financial strain on low-income families; reduced access to specialized services, affecting marginalized populations; and widening healthcare disparities, especially for those unable to afford private care. Immediate interventions are necessary to reinforce the healthcare system, secure essential services, and promote public-private partnerships and international collaborations.
Anthropogenic impacts and conservation strategies for the sparrow jungle wetland ecosystem in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Mathitheepan, S.; Jasdeepan, T.
The Sparrow Jungle Ecosystem in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, is located between approximately 9.7213° to 9.7392° N latitude and 80.1705° to 80.2030° E longitude. This critical habitat supports diverse flora and fauna, including endemic and migratory bird species and various aquatic species. Due to these unique habitats and species, the Sparrow Jungle Wetland is a popular recreational site, attracting educational trips and tourists across Jaffna. However, wetland ecosystems and sanctuaries are underrepresented in the Jaffna Peninsula despite its ecological importance. Anthropogenic pressures have disrupted the ecosystem's balance and compromised its essential services. This case study aims to identify these critical threats and propose effective conservation strategies to preserve the ecosystem's integrity and ensure long-term sustainability. The study was conducted over three months, from March to May 2024, in the designated study area. Primary data were collected through direct field observations, structured questionnaires administered to 50 randomly selected households, five face-to-face interviews with residents from the surrounding area, and discussions with relevant government agencies, including the local council, Environmental Authority, Department of Wildlife Conservation, and Northern Province Tourism Board. The secondary data were gathered from books, research papers, statistics, annual reports of relevant departments, and authorized websites. This data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics Computer software. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the percentages. The results indicate that 33% of respondents identified illegal waste dumping as the primary threat, followed by agricultural expansion (20%), development projects (17%), and livestock grazing (15%). Additional activities, such as hunting, firewood harvesting, and sand mining, were also observed. These human activities contribute to habitat loss, the reduction of mangrove forests, and wetland contamination. Urgent conservation actions are needed to protect the Sparrow Jungle Wetland Ecosystem from human-induced threats. A holistic approach, integrating local knowledge, sustainable practices, and strict regulations, is key to preserving its ecological integrity. Designating protected zones will reduce habitat destruction, while community involvement enhances stewardship. Stricter waste and pollution controls are vital for water quality. Collaboration between national and local councils is essential to declare the area a wetland sanctuary and promote eco-tourism.
The effect of entrepreneurial ecosystem factors on generating high-growth women’s entrepreneurship
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Madhavie, A.V.K.
A strong positive relationship between women's entrepreneurship and economic growth has been recognized worldwide. Due to this positive relationship, women's entrepreneurship has been given a prominent place by preparing policies, especially in developing countries. These policies directly address the entrepreneurial ecosystem factors. Generating High-growth women's entrepreneurship can occur either by transforming non-high-growth women entrepreneurs into High-growth or by increasing the growth of women's enterprises. This study analyzes the effect of entrepreneurial ecosystem factors on transforming non-high-growth women entrepreneurs into High-growth ones and the effect of entrepreneurial ecosystem factors on women's High-growth enterprises. The analysis is based on primary data from a sample of 367 women entrepreneurs selected by the stratified sampling method. Binary Logistic and Quantile regressions were used to analyze the data. Entrepreneurial ecosystem factors, including four individual factors: Attitudes, Ability, Aspiration, and Alertness in short form 4A and four institutional factors: Inputs and Markets, Supportive Facilities, Taxes and Charges, and Cultural Barriers in short form 4I were used to find answers for research objectives. The annual growth rate of the turnover is used to divide women entrepreneurs into types. According to the findings, the combined average of 4A and the combined average of 4I both affect the transformation of non-high-growth women entrepreneurs into High-growth ones. However, the most effective one is the combined average of 4A. The same results were confirmed when analyzing the effect of combined averages on women's High-growth enterprises. Further, Alertness, Inputs and Markets, and Taxes and Charges individually confirmed their effect on High-growth enterprises led by women. Then, this study concludes that generating high-growth women's entrepreneurship is a result of both types of ecosystem factors, individual and institutional, not only institutional factors. This implies that women's entrepreneurship policies should address both factors equally and in parallel.
Geomorphological mapping and landforms classification in Attanagalu Oya River Basin
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Kaushalya, G.N.; Bandara, T.W.M.T.W.; Wijeratne, V.P.I.S.
Geomorphological mapping and landform classification are essential for understanding the processes shaping the Earth's surface, managing natural resources, planning land use, and assessing natural hazards. Previous research studies stated that the Attanagalu Oya River basin is a vulnerable area for geomorphological changes. This work aims to present a geomorphological mapping and landform classification of an area in the Attanagalu Oya River Basin, based on morphometric analysis of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and terrain analysis while classical methods focus on photo interpretation. Further, the study focused on identifying the geomorphologically changing hotspots in the river basin and exploring the factors contributing to the changes in geomorphology using spatial analysis. All the analysis and digitized maps for the years 1981, 2001 and 2021 were generated using ArcGIS 10.8 and Google Earth Pro software. The secondary data used in this study were obtained from global open-source databases and institutions. Maps, data tables and analytical diagrams were used to interpret the findings. Total area of the Attanagalu Oya River basin is 839 Km². Based on the analysis, five primary types of geomorphological landforms by their origin were identified in the Attanagalu Oya River Basin area. They are structural origin landforms, denudational origin landforms, fluvial origin landforms, coastal origin landforms and anthropogenic origin landforms. Geomorphological classification was developed based on these main types of origins. Fluvial origin landforms and anthropogenic origin landforms are the main dynamic types of geomorphological landforms in this area. The hotspot areas of geomorphological changes were located in the middle and lower Attanagalu Oya sub basin along with coastal areas. Rainfall, slope, disaster impact and land use and land cover changes were identified as physical factors that contribute to the changes in geomorphology in this area. The contribution of those factors are higher in the middle and lower Attanagalu Oya sub basin along with the coastal area when compared to other areas. Moreover, human factors such as population growth, urbanization, infrastructure development, and disaster management practices were identified as factors that contribute to the changes in anthropogenic geomorphology in the Attanagalu Oya River basin. This kind of study enables us to explore the landscape dynamics to effective watershed environmental management for sustainable development practices.
Abandoning the gap: Analyzing the decline of male students in university admissions in Sammanthurai education division
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Azsam, A.R.; Rumais, M.N.M.
The underrepresentation of male students in university admissions within the Sammanthurai Divisional Education office has emerged as a significant educational challenge, raising concerns about gender disparities in academic achievement. This study investigates the multifaceted factors contributing to the decline in male university enrollments through a mixed-methods research approach, integrating quantitative analysis of admission data with qualitative insights from interviews and focus groups. Focusing on seven mixed-gender schools within the Sammanthurai Division, the research study conducted separate interviews with school principals, counselors, and male students and had independent discussions with parents. A total of 70 male students were surveyed, with insights gathered from ten students from each school. Additionally, 30 female students from the same schools were surveyed to explore gender dynamics in educational aspirations. Independent interviews with the Divisional Education Director, local religious leaders, and parents provided further context to the findings. The analysis reveals that economic pressures and entrenched family responsibilities significantly deter male students from pursuing higher education. Many feel compelled to seek immediate employment to support their families, prioritizing short-term income over long-term academic pursuits. Cultural perceptions regarding the value of vocational training compared to university education, urbanization, and peer influences also contribute to this trend. Interestingly, female students often pursue higher education in search of limited job opportunities, highlighting a significant gender dynamic within the region. Quantitative data indicates a 25% decrease in male university admissions over the past five years, underscoring the widening gender gap in educational attainment. By identifying these contributing factors, the research seeks to provide evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, educators, and community leaders to boost male student retention and promote equitable educational outcomes in the Sammanthurai region. Ultimately, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic and cultural factors influencing educational dynamics.
Gendered labour migration and changing gender roles in Mocha GN division, Maskeliya: Back to square one?
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Thirumagal, K.; Udayanee, A.; Logidhash, T.; Azmi, F.
In the tea plantation estates of Sri Lanka, labor migration outside the country, particularly among women, has become increasingly prevalent due to economic necessity and social change. Women from the tea plantations have long been engaged in internal labor migration. However, during the past two decades, women’s labor migration to Middle Eastern countries has become a rising trend challenging the patriarchal social fabric of the tea plantation estates. Migration has triggered significant shifts in household dynamics, reshaping gender roles and family responsibilities. Through a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzes qualitative and quantitative data collected from surveys, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and Mocha GN division's statistical handbook and labor migration records. This study explored the transformative impact of labor migration on gender roles in the Mocha GN division of Maskeliya, focusing on how migration alters traditional gender roles and unfolds new challenges and opportunities. The study employed the conceptual frameworks of productive and reproductive roles to understand the changes. The findings revealed a predominant trend of female migration in the estate, which has altered traditional gender roles. While women work abroad and send remittances, men in these households are compelled to take on roles typically associated with women, such as cooking, childcare, and household management. This shift has increased men’s involvement in domestic responsibilities, temporarily challenging the established gender norms within their community. At the same time, migrant women, who become the primary breadwinners through remittances, experience enhanced autonomy, financial independence, and stronger household decision-making roles. Despite these temporary shifts toward more equitable gender roles, narratives of returnee migrants showed these changes are often temporary. Upon return, with time, female migrants resume their traditional roles and men revert to financial providers. This finding highlights unsustainable gender role transformations in migrant-sending communities, where economic necessity prompts temporary change, but cultural norms continue to dictate everyday life. The research highlights the need for policy interventions to reduce gender bias and support sustainable gender equality through social and economic empowerment programs for returnee women.
A gender perspective on exploring the factors affecting unemployment among young females in Sri Lanka
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Dissanayake, D.M.C.; Rathnayake, R.M.A.D.B.
Youth unemployment in Sri Lanka is a significant challenge to sustainable development, with young females disproportionately affected. Despite the studies and government interventions, there still needs to be a concrete answer for this socio-economic issue, and females are more vulnerable in the face of youth unemployment. In such a context, this study was conducted with the primary objective of exploring the factors that hinder the employability of young females in Sri Lanka while identifying potential strategies and interventions to enhance their employability. The study also aimed to investigate the current landscape of youth unemployment in Sri Lanka and examine the impact of unemployment on the well-being and social status of young females. This qualitative research employed an ethnographic method with thirty female respondents aged 15-24 from the Sooriyawewa Grama Niladari Division selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings revealed that domestic chores, harmful experiences of sexual harassment at workplaces, social norms, patriarchal social structure, and gender stereotypes are significant hindrances to women's employability. Issues such as lack of infrastructure, wild elephant conflicts, early marriages, school dropouts, and lack of English literacy and computer skills also contribute to this problem. Moreover, the study uncovered the profound effects of female youth unemployment, including domestic violence due to lack of proper income, drug dealing, inability to fulfill basic needs, health issues, depression, suicidal ideation and attempts, dependency on marriage for employment, and social exclusion. Accordingly, the research proposes implementing awareness-raising campaigns on women's human rights, job prospects within specific industries that offer decent job opportunities, and digital entrepreneurship covering all the settings, implementing support systems such as incubation centers, industrial parks, and zoning with the proper monitoring and evaluation system to promote the youth female participation in small and medium enterprises, policy reforms in education and establishing paternity leave system to strength the work-family balance, and a proper mechanism to identify sexual violation at the workplace. In conclusion, the study recommends opening a broad social discourse regarding female youth unemployment and related labor law reforms to reduce female unemployment in Sri Lanka.
Effects of motivational factors on the performance of employees: A case of school teachers
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Hasaniya, M.T.F.; Sri Ranjith, J.G.
Employee performance and productivity of workers are crucial for personal and organizational success and, thereby, economic growth. In the case of education, the job satisfaction of teachers is a key to effective teaching. A motivated and content teaching workforce leads to better educational outcomes, which translates into a country's employable, productive labor force. This has long-term economic benefits, including higher innovation, skills, and productivity. The theoretical perspectives of this research show that workers decide how much labor to supply based on both financial and non-financial factors relating to job satisfaction. The main factors include salary, promotion, insurance, pension, job security, professional development, social recognition, and working environment. If teachers are satisfied with these aspects, they are likely to work in the profession; otherwise, they may leave or retire early. Thus, job satisfaction is a major determinant of labor supply. Although there is a volume of literature on job satisfaction, no adequate research on the effects of different vectors of motivational factors on job satisfaction for school teachers is found in particular. Hence, this research study has explored several new financial and non-financial motivational factors for different types of schools. This study surveyed 90 teachers from nine selected schools in the Kurunegala district using stratified random sampling and simple random sampling methods. Based on a mixed method approach designed to incorporate both qualitative responses and quantitative data, a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale was used to collect data for the study. The data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using Python and SPSS version 16.0. The regression results reveal that both the selected financial and non-financial motivational factors significantly enhance job satisfaction. Notably, non-financial motivational factors have a more profound impact (r =.570 at a 0.000 significant level) on job satisfaction compared to financial motivational factors (r = .0543 at a 0.000 significant level). Additionally, public school teachers reported higher job satisfaction levels (mean rank=36.93) than their private school counterparts (mean rank=24.07) as determined by the Mann-Whitney U test. Also, school teachers' different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were tested against employment performance and explored important insights for policymakers. Major recommendations include increasing financial and motivational factors for school teachers to maintain their living standards satisfactorily.
A study on the role of feminism in reshaping religious attitudes for gender equality
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Karunathilaka, S.S.M.
The present study investigates the function of feminists and the ways in which religious beliefs impact the pursuit of gender equality. Social and cultural life has been greatly affected by feminism, and the relationship between feminism and religious doctrines offers important opportunities for research. Accordingly, this study's research problem investigates how feminist ideologies contrast with religious beliefs and practices to reframe religious attitudes toward gender equality. It explores the extent to which feminist movements challenge or influence traditional religious doctrines that often reinforce gender roles. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of feminist ideologies on religious discourse and examine how these ideologies contribute to the pursuit of gender equality in religious contexts. The research objectives are to investigate how feminist movements affect religious practices and gender-related attitudes and to examine how religious texts and principles contribute to the construction and interpretation of gender equality in religious institutions. The methodology of this research consisted of semi-structured interviews with 20 participants, including religious leaders, feminist scholars, activists, and religious communities. Moreover, the collected data will be analyzed using a thematic approach. The responses were categorized into several sub-themes. These sub-themes shall be reinterpreted from a religious and gender role point of view. In this research study, the influence of feminist movements on religious practices and feminists' resistance to religious institutions will be taken into account. The study concludes that feminism has made progress in promoting gender equality within religious movements. It also expects to examine how religious texts construct the concept of gender equality. Accordingly, this research contributes to understanding the dynamic relationship between feminism and religion.
Buddhist approach to conflict resolution: Theory and practice
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Silacara, Rev.; Premasiri, P.D.
While various forms of conflict are interdependently connected with human existence, they can be briefly understood in two types: internal and external. Buddhism fundamentally recognizes that all forms of conflict are a part of suffering. Buddhism explains that the concept of suffering, or dukkha, is the nature of human existence. Some critics tend to think that this emphasis on suffering makes Buddhism a kind of pessimism. Since the Buddha talked about suffering with the ultimate aim of eradicating it, one cannot call Buddhism a pessimism. Nevertheless, one has to accept the centrality of the concept of dukkha in the teaching of the Buddha. The nature of conflict, which is a manifestation of dukkha in Buddhism, arises from both internal and external causes, according to Kamma theory. This understanding is framed within the doctrine of dependent co-origination (Paticcasamuppāda), which considers that all phenomena are interdependently connected. Any conflicts caused by internal and external conditions lead to unstable and unpleasant conditions in life. Human beings are drawn to a pleasant life rather than to an unpleasant one full of conflict. The Buddha introduced the Four Noble Truths (Cattāri Ariyasaccāni) to address these conflicts, which outlines a practical framework for conflict resolution. The Buddhist way is to understand the main cause of any conflicts or problems, to remove it, to realize the way to the cessation of it, and finally to practice the way that leads to its cessation or true happiness. However, a critical question arises: does the Buddha's teaching provide a comprehensive theory and practice for resolving all conflicts? This inquiry necessitates a thorough examination of the nature of conflict and exploring Buddhist theories and practices aimed at conflict resolution. Therefore, the present paper will undertake a qualitative and descriptive analysis to investigate the nature of conflict, examine the theoretical frameworks provided by Buddhism, and assess their practical applications for conflict resolution. By illustrating relevant data from Buddhist scriptures, this study aims to deepen the understanding of conflict resolution within a Buddhist context. Ultimately, this paper seeks to illuminate the Buddhist theoretical framework and its applications for resolving conflicts; thereby, highlighting the path to peace that Buddhism offers. Through this exploration, we hope to demonstrate the relevance and efficacy of Buddhist teachings in addressing the nature of conflict and its resolution.
A contemporary exploration of Buddhist nuns from a feminist point of view
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Santacari, Rev.; Premasiri, P.D.
Buddhism is considered a religion of non-discrimination, and it provides an excellent platform for gender and empowerment. However, the development and perception of women within Buddhism, especially nuns, has been susceptible to cultural factors resulting in sex discrimination. In recent decades, the Buddhist feminist movement has grown to address these issues. Within this trend, the present paper highlights the mutual dynamics of Buddhist doctrine and feminism in addressing the concerns of oriental Buddhist nuns in Myanmar and other countries. Fundamentally, Buddhist feminism recognizes that although the basic teaching of Buddhism affirms that women and men possess the capacity for enlightenment, the decline of the Bhikkhuni order in many Theravada Buddhist countries over centuries exemplifies how patriarchal influences have sidelined women’s roles within the Sangha. Nonetheless, the more recent trend of the revival of Bhikkhuni ordination in Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Western countries indicates a change in gender hierarchy. Hence, this paper investigates the achievements of feminists in addressing the defining issues of women’s liberation in a Buddhist context. Feminists in Buddhism further reformulate the revival of ordination rights to women and address the systemic exclusion of women. In specific terms, the examples taught by Ayya Khema, Bhikkhuni Dhammananda, Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo, and DawKetumala show how Buddhist nuns have emerged to the occasion as spiritual leaders although they faced oppressive gender roles. Beyond ordination rights, the empowerment of Buddhist nuns is also reflected in their increasing involvement in social work, education, and meditation teaching. Nuns are leading social justice initiatives, promoting mental health, and offering spiritual guidance to both lay and monastic communities; thus, extending the boundaries of traditional roles ascribed to them. This paper expects to argue that equality between men and women is sought after in Buddhist feminism. It is concluded that Buddhist feminism, as well as the empowerment of women in Buddhism, is quite an effective approach to the examination of women’s place in Buddhism today. The study illustrates the struggle towards gender equality and the struggle to create a positive change in the community, as women practicing Buddhism strive for attention in the monastic and lay order structure.
Overweight and obesity patterns among Grade 10 students in the Menikhinna Medical Officer of Health Area
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) De Silva, R.A.N.R.; Perera, I.; Wickramasinghe, H.; Wimalasiri, V.
In Sri Lanka, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has also been increasing, mirroring global trends. Urbanization, changes in dietary habits, and reduced physical activity levels contribute to this phenomenon. According to national surveys, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Sri Lanka has risen alarmingly over the past decade. This poses significant challenges for the country's healthcare system and public health initiatives. In that context, this study seeks to understand the contemporary patterns of overweight and obesity among Grade 10 students in the Menikhinna Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area. The study adopted a qualitative methodology using secondary data from 2019 to 2023 gathered through the electronic Reproductive Health Management Information System (eRHMIS) and a web-based data system managed by the Family Health Bureau under the Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka. The results reveal varying prevalence rates across different schools (government private and Sinhala-Tamil) within the area. Although the Menikhinna MOH area is considered rural, 20 schools in this area indicate a considerably higher risk for overweight and obesity. Both male and female students in Grade 10 show a significant prevalence of overweight ("x" 7.38%) and obesity ("x" 3.51%) in Menikhinna MOH area. Hence, this study concludes that ethnicity and gender do not affect overweight and obesity primarily, but the dietary practices and lack of physical activities do. Further, the research implemented four comprehensive awareness programs promoting nutrition and physical activity across four selected schools: Pilawala Maha Vidyalaya, Kandy Model College, Loyal Ladies Muslim Girls College, and Walala A. Rathnayake Central College for Grade 10 students, along with a Training of Trainers (TOT) program for teachers to support sustainable health-promoting behaviors.
Exploring the determinants of academic anxiety among undergraduate students: A comprehensive literature review
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 2024-12-19) Udayakumari, L.A.M.H.P.; Samarakoon Banda, H.M.
Academic anxiety is an inescapable issue across various educational levels, including elementary, secondary, and tertiary institutions, with a growing number of students reporting stress, worry, and distress related to their academic performance. Different research demonstrated that academic anxiety adversely impacts both the mental well-being and academic success of adolescents. Indicators of this anxiety often include difficulties with concentration, information retention, and exam performance, which can lead to broader mental health challenges such as depressive symptoms and diminished self-esteem. Additionally, academic anxiety is associated with disrupted sleep patterns, the development of eating disorders, and physical and mental exhaustion. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of academic anxiety among undergraduate students. It uses a thematic analysis within the systematic framework to analyze existing studies on academic anxiety, thereby identifying prevalent factors and their implications for mental health in academic settings. The review targeted journals based on inclusion and exclusion criteria; the researcher focused on articles published from 2010 to 2024. Recent publications were prioritized to ensure relevance. A systematic search was performed using Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Scopus, and Tandfonline with keywords such as ‘academic anxiety,’ ‘stress academic,’ and ‘undergraduate students.’ Out of the journals identified, 35 met the criteria for discussing factors affecting academic anxiety. The selection process involved filtering based on titles, abstracts, and the inclusion of both qualitative and quantitative research. The review involved a five-week search for relevant articles written in English. The findings revealed that academic anxiety extends to various dimensions of educational institutions in the form of academic stress, low self-efficacy, and gender differences, and is a primary driver contributing to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Low self-efficacy is closely associated with increased anxiety as students with reduced confidence experience heightened stress. Gender differences indicate that female students generally report higher levels of anxiety compared to their male counterparts. Additional factors, such as bullying, technology use, and poor sleep quality, further worsen the anxiety level among undergraduate students. This review underscores the need for further research and the evaluation of intervention strategies to effectively address the complexities of academic anxiety, particularly among junior high school adolescents and university undergraduates.
The impact of food on the mind and mental health: A comparative study of Buddhist and Western neuropsychiatric perspectives
(Postgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (PGIHS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka., 2024-12-19) Ukwatta, S.V.S.; Karunanayake, D.; Herath, H.M.M.
This research explores the impact of food on mental health, comparing Buddhist teachings with Western neuropsychiatry. Buddhist scriptures, including the Bhojana sutta, Besajjakkhandhaka, Mahāvagga Pāli and Kosala Saṃyutta, emphasise the importance of mindful eating and how certain foods influence mental well-being. The research problem centers on understanding the connection between specific foods and mental health in Buddhist perspective, a subject increasingly relevant in modern neuropsychiatry. The hypothesis posits that particular foods and nutrients, such as dark green vegetables, fruits and honey etc., have significant effects on mood, cognitive function, and emotional stability, aligning with both Buddhist insights and scientific studies. The methodology involves a comparative analysis of Buddhist texts and neuropsychiatric research. The Besajjakkhandhaka of the Vinaya highlighted the food’s role as medicines and discussed the five medicines for its medicinal properties which nourish the body and support mental clarity. The Bhojana Sutta underscores the importance of mindful eating to prevent mental agitation and promote emotional balance. The Mahāvagga Pāli details ten benefits of porridge, including improved digestion, strength, and mental alertness. In the Kosala Saṃyutta, the dangers of overeating are discussed, linking it to sluggishness, distraction, and mental dullness. The Mahāsīhanāda Sutta further elaborates that viewing food as merely a necessity, rather than a source of pleasure, helps reduce craving and fosters mental clarity. Findings justified in relation to the data that mindful eating, as emphasized in Buddhism, fosters mental clarity and spiritual progress, while Western neuropsychiatry confirms that vitamins such as B6, B12, Omega-3s, and Vitamin D play crucial roles in neurotransmitter production, affecting mood and cognitive health specially reducing of mental stress, anxiety, depression and other mental unrest situations. These nutrients facilitate the synthesis of key neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, which are crucial for mood regulation and emotional well-being. Similarly, vitamin B12 is vital for neurological function and DNA synthesis, with its deficiency associated with cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms. Vitamin D influences serotonin synthesis and has been linked to various neuropsychiatric disorders, emphasizing the interdependence of these nutrients in supporting brain health. The research concludes that integrating Buddhist wisdom on mindful eating and the medicinal value of food with neuropsychiatric insights into the biochemical impact of diet offers a comprehensive approach to mental health, promoting balance and mental well being through conscious food choices.

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